1. Taxonomy & Macroevolution

2. Macroevolution refers to the major evolutionary trends Major phenotypic changes such as wings with feather, legs, the opposable thumb changes are usually based on a preceding structure or form (lungs from swim bladders) read about regulatory genes, rates of growth and timing on page 340

3. Adaptive radiation Diversification allows an organism to fill a variety of ecological roles (niches) Diversification may result in speciation Adaptive zone = ecological niche

4. Extinction Background extinction Mass extinction Extirpation Extinction vortex Minimum viable population

5. Evolutionary change Punctuated equilibrium gradualism

6. Taxonomy Scientific classification of living things everything is classified, even things that died a long time ago…(missing link)

7. Taxons Kingdom (Animalia) Phylum (Chordata) Class (Mammalia) Order (Carnivora) Family (Felidae) Genus (Felis) Specific epithet (Catus)

8. Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivore Felidae Felis Catus Primates Hominidae Homo Sapiens

9. Animalia Chordata Mammalia OrderPrimatePrimatePrimate FamilyHominidaePongidaeLasiopygidae GenusHomoPanMacaca Spc Episapienstroglodytes mulatta TaxonHumanChimpanzee Rhesus Mnk

10. 5 Kingdoms Prokaryote (sometimes called monerans) Protista (protozo, algae, slime molds) Fungi Plantae Animalia

11. Systematics Classification of organisms into groups determined by evolutionary relationship evolutionary history of a species (phylogeny) Monophyletic - common ancestor (clade) Polyphyletic - not a common ancestor

12. Systematics Ancestral characters - traits shared with ancestors Derived characters - traits not shared with ancestors see discussion of importance of traits on p 368

13. 3 approaches to taxonomy Phenetics - based on phenotypic traits (why are dolphins more closely related to humans than to fish?) Cladistics - stresses phylogeny (evolutionary history, common ancestry) Classic taxonomy - phylogenetic tree