1. Medical-Surgical Nursing: An Integrated Approach, 2E Chapter 15
Anesthesia

2. Anasthesia & Analgesia
Essential to healthcare delivery today.
Anasthesia – absence of normal sensation
Analgesia – pain relief without anasthesia

3. Preanesthetic Preparation
Avoidance of foods and drink prevents passive regurgitation of gastric contents
Clients should typically continue medications up to surgery
Consent must be received

4. Sedation
Reduction of stress, excitement, or irritability and some suppression of CNS
Typically used to relieve anxiety and discomfort during a procedure
Residual effects include amnesia and letheragy

5. Regional Anesthesia
A region of the body is rendered insensible to pain.

6. Types of Regional Anesthesia
Local
Nerve blocks
Spinal & Epidural blocks

7. Residual Effects
Motor Block
Sensory Block
Sympathetic Block

8. General Anesthesia
Involves unconsciousness and complete insensibility to pain
There are four stages of General Anesthesia:
Induction
Maintenance
Emergence
Recovery

9. Induction & Airway Management
Shortest stage of Anesthesia but critical
Immediately after induction, the airway must be secured using a cuffed Endotracheal tube (ETT)

10. Maintenence
General Anesthesia is maintained with a combination of IV and inhaled drugs
Sometimes specialized medicines are applied to achieve complete paralysis, relax skeletal muscles and more

11. Emergence Client’s awareness returns as drug wears off
Emergence must be carefully controlled and monitored

12. Recovery
Recovery may be an extended process with memory and other aspects affected for a long period
Many anesthetics are absorbed into body fat and released slowly into the system

13. Common Concerns Client may suffer from apnea, decline in respirations
Few direct heart rate and blood pressure effects, but these should be closely monitored
Client may have trouble regulating body temperature
Client may have abnormal fluid levels

14. Post Operative Pain Management
Post-Operative pain results from:
Tissue injury
Inflammation
Hormonal changes
Hyperexcitability and more

15. Methods for Controlling Pain
Patient Controlled Analgesia
Regional Analgesia
Local anasthetics
Opioids