1. Mountains Built by geological processes and thus concentrated in belts of geological activity Climate changes with elevation and latitude Flora and fauna change with elevation

2. Mountains Transhumance = seasonal migration of people & livestock in altitude (up and down mountain with seasons)

3. Mountains Isolation and endemism – increased isolation of species in mt ranges leads to endemism (= unique species to that location and found nowhere else)

4. The Hydrologic Cycle Over 71% of the earth’s surface is covered by water: –Oceans contain 97% –Polar ice caps and glaciers contain 2% –Freshwater in lakes, streams, and ground water make up less than 1%

5. Replacement period – time for one water molecule to complete the hydrologic cycle (9 days to 30,000+ years)

6. The Hydrologic Cycle Turnover time is the time required for the entire volume of a reservoir to be renewed. –Atmosphere 9 days –Rivers12-20 days –Oceans3,100 years

7. Ocean - Structure Littoral Zone (intertidal zone): Shallow shoreline – rise/fall of tides Neritic Zone: Coastal area to margin of continental shelf

8. Intertidal Zonation Lots of variation in abiotic conditions (temperature & moisture) in supratidal fringe zone, less so in lower intertidal; less stability with all this variation = more hostile to life

9. Ocean - Structure Oceanic Zone: Beyond continental shelf –Epipelagic 0 - 200 m –Mesopelagic200 - 1,000 m –Bathypelagic1,000 - 4,000 m –Abyssal4,000 - 6,000 m –Hadal6,000 + m Benthic: Habitat on bottom of ocean Pelagic: Habitat off the bottom of the ocean = in the water column

10. Ocean Zones Know order of the oceanic zones; not specific depths

11. Photosynthetic organisms limited to upper epipelagic zone (euphotic zone) –Phytoplankton –contribute ¼ of total photosynthesis in biosphere Ocean Biology –Zooplankton

12. Ocean Biology Chemosynthesis occurs near undersea hot springs – deep water thermal and chemical vents Use chemicals (instead of light) for generating energy