1. Strengths and Weaknesses of Research Designs
Description
Strengths
Weaknesses
Correlational
Design
Researcher sees if changes in one variable are accompanied by systematic changes in another variable.
Useful when conditions do not permit the manipulation of variables.
Cannot determine cause-and-effect relationships.
Experimental
Design
Researcher manipulates one of more independent variables to observe the effects on the dependent variable(s).
Can isolate cause-and-effect relationships.
May not yield information about real-life behaviors.
Field Experiment
Experiment conducted in real-life, naturalistic settings.
Can isolate cause-and-effect relationships; behaviors are observed in natural settings.
Less control over treatment conditions.
Quasi-experiment
Assignment of participants to groups is determined by their natural experiences
Takes advantage of natural separation of children into groups.
Factors other than independent variables may be causing results.
Single-Case
Design
In-depth observation of one or a few children over a period of time.
Do not require large pool of participants.
Ability to generalize to the larger population may be limited.

2. ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES
Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Intimacy v. Isolation
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Birth – 1 year
1 - 3 years
3 - 6 years
years (Latency Period)
years (Adolescence)
19 – 25 years (Early Adulthood)
25 – 50 years (Adulthood)
50 years and older

3. PIAGET’S COGNITIVE STAGES
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational
Birth - 2 years
2 – 7 years
7 – 11 years
11 years - adulthood
Child develops schemes primarily through sense and motor activities
Child can think symbolically; holds egocentric view of the world
Child becomes able to manipulate logical relationships among concepts but only by generalizing from concrete experiences
Child is able to deal with abstractions, form hypotheses, solve problems systematically

4. The human
body contains
100 trillion
cells.
There is a
nucleus inside
each human
cell (except red
blood cells).
Each nucleus
contains 46
chromosomes,
arranged in
23 pairs.
One
chromosome
of every pair is
from each
parent.
The
chromosomes
are filled with
tightly coiled
strands of
DNA.
Genes are segments
of DNA that contain
instructions to make
proteins— the
building blocks
of life.

5. The Process of Mitosis
Each daughter cell now has a pair of chromosomes that is identical to the original pair
Cell nucleus with a pair of chromosomes
Chromosomes split
and replicate to produce
two identical pairs
The pairs separate, and the cell divides

6. Implantation of the Embryo
The Germinal Stage of Prenatal Development
Zygote
Implantation of the Embryo
Fallopian tube
Fallopian tube
Ovary
Ovary
Uterus
Embryo joined
to uterine wall
Cervix
Vagina
Blastocyst

7. Embryonic period (in weeks) Fetal period (in weeks) Full term3 4 5 6 7 8 12 16 20 36 38
Brain
Central
nervous
Eye
system
Ear
Palate
Ear
Heart
Eye
Arm
Heart
Leg
Teeth
External genitalia
Central nervous system
Heart
Arms
Eyes
Legs
Teeth
Palate
External genitalia
Ear
Period when major
Period when minor defect or
abnormality occurs
abnormality occurs

8. Spine Bladder Pubic bone Potential width of Cervix birth canal Vagina
Coccyx
Rectum
The baby in the uterus before labor
Water about to break (The baby's head
now rests inside the cervix)
Transition: The baby in the birth canal
STAGE 1
The baby about to be born
The head rotates sideways after it emerges
The delivery of the placenta
STAGE 2
STAGE 3

9. Less than 100 beats per minute
InRev1
The Apgar Scale
Score
Characteristic 1 2
Heart rate
Efforts to breathe
Muscle tone
Skin color
Reflex irritability
Absent
Flaccid,limp
Body pale or blue
No response
Less than 100 beats per minute
Slow, irregular
Weak, inactive
Body pink,
extremities blue
Frown, grimace
More that 100 beats per minute
Good; baby is crying
Strong, active motion
Body and extremities pink
Vigorous crying, coughing, sneezing
Source: Apgar (1953)

10. Body Proportions, Fetal Period Through Adulthood
2 months
(fetal)
5 months
(fetal)
Newborn
2 years
6 years
12 years
25 years

11. The Episode of the Strange Situation
Number of
Episode
Persons Present
Duration
Brief Description of Action 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Mother, baby, and observer
Mother and baby
Stranger, mother, and baby
Stranger and baby
Baby alone
30 seconds
3 minutes
3 minutes or lessa
3 minutes or moreb
Observer introduces mother and baby to experimental room, then leaves.
Mother is non-participant while baby explores; if necessary, play is stimulated after 2 minutes.
Stranger enters. Minute 1: stranger silent. Minute 2: stranger converses with mother. Minute 3: stranger approaches baby. After 3 minutes mother leaves unobtrusively.
First separation episode. Stranger's behavior is geared to that of baby.
First reunion episode. Mother greets and comforts baby then tries to settle him again in play. Mother then leaves, saying bye-bye.
Second separation episode.
Continuation of second separation. Stranger enters and gears her behavior to that of baby.
Second reunion episode. Mother enters, greets baby, then picks him up. Meanwhile stranger leaves unobtrusively.
aEpisode is curtailed if the baby is unduly distressed.
bEpisode is prolonged if more time is required for the baby to become involved in play.
Source: Campos et al., 1983.