1. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS MIS BBA (Morn) & (Eve) 6 th Semester How Organization Use IS (Systems from Hierarchical & Functional Perspective) From TPS to DSS By: Farhan Mir

2. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS (Week 1)What are IS? “An organized combination of people, hardware, software, networks and data resources that collect, transforms, and disseminates information in the organization.” James O’Brien (1998). IS theory is however extremely vast and various classification & definitions are available on MIS IS Perspectives Operational activities Management support KM Networking and e-activities

3. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS Transformation of Organizations Flattening (Need for Agility) Decentralization (More focus on Behavioral Approaches) Flexibility Location Independence (Globalization Pressures) Low Transaction Cost Empowerment (Employee needs to respond quickly) Collaborative Work (More teams are emerging) Overall Performance (Effectiveness) Competitive Advantage

4. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS Major Types of Systems Executive Support Systems (ESS)Executive Support Systems (ESS) Decision Support Systems (DSS)Decision Support Systems (DSS) Management Information Systems (MIS)Management Information Systems (MIS) Knowledge Work Systems (KWS) (KMS)Knowledge Work Systems (KWS) (KMS) Office Automation Systems (OAS)Office Automation Systems (OAS) Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

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6. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS Different Kinds of Systems Operational-Level Systems Support operational managers by keeping track of elementary organizational activities and transactions Systems answer routine questions and track the flow of transactions through the organization i.e. – systems to record bank deposits Or track the number of hrs worked each day

7. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS Transaction Processing Systems Transaction processing system

8. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS TYPICAL TPS APPLICATIONS Example in a University like us MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS: Admissions, grade records, course records MAJOR APPLICATION SYSTEMS: Registration system, student transcript system, curriculum class control system

9. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS Another Example (A Payroll System) Hours worked Pay rate Payroll transaction processing Payroll checks

10. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS A Symbolic Representation for a Payroll TPS

11. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS What happens to TPS data? Managers need sophisticated reports to help them understand and analyze data. created by a management information system Management information system can be a synonym for the term “information system” or refer to a type of information system. characterized by production of routine reports that managers use for structured and routine tasks

12. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS MIS MIS is short for management information system or management information services, and pronounced as separate letters MIS refers to a class of software that provides managers with tools for organizing and evaluating their department. Typically, MIS systems were written in COBOL and run on mainframes or minicomputers. Within companies and large organizations, the department responsible for computer systems is sometimes called the MIS department. Other names for MIS include IS (Information Services) and IT (Information Technology).

13. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS MIS (The Central Systems) Common databases Marketing management information system Financial management Information system Manufacturing management Information system Order management information system TPS

14. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS Office Automation An office automation system “automates” or computerizes, routine office tasks. word processing software spreadsheet software scheduling software e-mail software

15. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS Can decisions be automated? Information systems do not make decisions. The manager analyzes the data and reaches a decision. An expert system, sometimes referred to as a “knowledge-based system”, is a computer system designed to analyze data and produce a recommendation or decision. uses a set of facts or rules

16. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS A Model of ESS

17. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS Why Information Systems Institute of Management Sciences (A Mini Case)

18. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS Institute of Management Sciences Current status is that Number of Courses (Degrees) Increasing Number of Students & Staff logically increasing too Number of Admissions increasing Number of Exams and Results Increasing Other Pressures!! HECS looking for standardization (Course Curriculums, Course Plans, Monitoring, Research at University (resources for researchers) Public want information Key Stakeholders (Administration, Employees, Instructors and students) need convenience

19. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS Institute of Management Sciences All major processes are information based Clear need for systematic approach (Here comes the role of Information Systems) And we are on our way towards that (Admission system, Exam system, Monitoring system, Website)

20. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS Transformation of Organizations Flattening (Need for Agility) Decentralization (More focus on Behavioral Approaches) Flexibility Location Independence (Globalization Pressures) Low Transaction Cost Empowerment (Employee needs to respond quickly) Collaborative Work (More teams are emerging) Overall Performance (Effectiveness) Competitive Advantage

21. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS IS can be classified by the specific organizational function they serve as well as by organizational level as follows: Sales and marketing systems Manufacturing and production systems Finance and accounting systems Human resources systems Systems from a Functional Perspective

22. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS Typical Applications - MIS with TPS

23. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS An Inventory System

24. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS Examples of Finance & Accounting IS

25. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS Examples of Human Resources IS

26. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS An Employee Record Keeping System

27. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS Enterprise Wide Software (Need for Collaboration) Case of Integrated Supply Chain Management (ERPs)

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31. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS Collaboration & Communication Systems

32. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS Organizing the IT/IS Function INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT IT Infrastructure: Hardware SoftwareSoftware DataData NetworksNetworks Information System Specialists: CIO Managers System Analysts System Developers Programmers Network Specialists Database Administrator Clerical (Operators) Clerical (Operators)

33. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS IS Personnel Operators Data Entry Computer Operators (Hardware Specialists) System Analysts Most Crucial IS job Whether you are developing In-house or using a purchased application or Outsourcing Programmers Technical People (Technical construction of the IS) Developers Database Administrators CIO Other roles are also coming in organizations (IS Security Officers, Information Policy Makers, Webmasters)

34. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS IS Planning/ IT Governance Technology New/Hottest Technology (Costly) or Older/ Traditional Technology (Cheap) or Combination of both strategies Professionals Training Vs. Hiring Cost the key issue Issues & Recommendations Reliability in traditional technologies Vs. benefits with new ones (New cycles of training & updation required to keep up with pace and to avoid failures associated with new technologies) In-depth Analysis the way to avoid failures Project Management a systematic way

35. © Farhan Mir 2014 IMS References Charles Parker, Thomas Case. (2000). “Management Information Systems: Action & Strategy”. (2 nd Ed). Chapter 2 & 4 James O’Brien. (1998). “Introduction to Information Systems: A Networked Enterprise Perspective”. (2 nd Ed). Chapter 10,12 Kenneth C. Laudon & Jane P. Laudon (2011). “Management Information Systems: Managing a Digital Firm”.(7 th Ed). Chapter 3 Grover S. Kearns (1997). Alignment of Information Systems Plans with Business Plans: (http://hsb.baylor.edu/ramsower/ais.ac.97/papers/kearns.htm)