1. Effects of Groundwater on Topography By Diana L. Duckworth Rustburg High School Campbell County, VA

2. Karst Topography Karst topography forms in limestone –carbon dioxide dissolves in groundwater –makes a weak acid which attacks rock Cracks become enlarged into caverns –groundwater deposits stalactites and stalagmites When roof of cave collapses, make a sinkhole; forms on surface as a depression Many lakes and disappearing rivers

3. Green River disappears underground in Mammoth Caves National Park

4. Inside caves - groundwater deposits of calcite: stalactites stalagmites columns

5. Mineral springs are surface groundwater deposits

6. Roaring Springs Grand Canyon North Rim

7. Center Pivot irrigation: radius 1/4 mile, pumping well in center of each circle