1. ISMS Symposium Champaign-Urbana, 19 June 2014 Wim Ubachs VU University Amsterdam Effelsberg Search for a variation of the proton-electron mass ratio from methanol observations ALMA IRAM

2. More sensitive molecules ? Laboratory vs. cosmological experiments Cs 2 molecule; X 1  (v=138) ~ a 3  (v=370)DeMille et al. Hyperfine and Rotation cancellation; LaS, LaO, LuO, YbF, etcFlambaum Fine structure and vibration cancellation CuS, IrC, Cl 2 +, SiBr, etcKozlov/Flambaum Dy-atom for  -variationBudker 229 Th clockPeik a.o. H 3 O + ionsKozlov/Levshakov NH 3 moleculesBethlem/Flambaum/Kozlov a 3  state of COBethlem/Ubachs

3. Laboratory searches for  -variation CO a 3  metastable state ~A~α 2 ~B~1/μ K μ =-334 K μ =-27.3

4. CO a 3  metastable state; Laser spectroscopy Q 2 (1) Sub-Doppler Results, accuracy < 5 MHz (3 x 10 -9 ) De Nijs et al., Phys. Rev. A 84, 052509 (2011)  =1, J=6  =0, J=8

5. CO a 3  ; Ramsey microwave spectroscopy 394064870(10) Hz

6. What should you look at ? Search for higher sensitivity molecule at high z Calculations Extreme shifters

7. Comprehensive analysis of C 3v molecules Methanol is most sensitive Torsion + Wagging motion in Methylamine Phys. Rev. A85 (2012) 062505 + Methylmercaptan CH 3 SH Phys. Rev. A87, 052509 (2013)

8. Methanol: the extreme shifter 48372.4558 MHz; K=-1 48376.892 MHz; K=-1 12178.597 MHz; K=-33 60531.1489 MHz; K=-7

9. Radio Observations Radio-loud quasar PKS1830-211 Intervening galaxy with cold methanol 100-m dish Receivers’ range: 0.4 – 86 GHz Redshift z=0.89 corresponds to a lookback time of 7 billion years PKS1830-211 “The Molecular Factory at high redshift”

10. Effelsberg Radio Telescope PKS-1830-211 “molecular factory” at z=0.88582 (7 Gyrs look-back) A Stringent Limit on a Drifting Proton-to-Electron Mass Ratio from Alcohol in the Early Universe Bagdonaite, Jansen, Henkel, Bethlem, Menten, Ubachs, Science 339 (2013) 46 K=-33 K=-1 K=-7

11. IRAM-30m Pico Veleta (august 2012) (1,0)-(1,-1)E 83396.5 MHz (2,0)-(2,-1)E 83399.3 MHz (3,0)-(3,-1)E 83397.4 MHz K=-3.4 (all three components)

12. The Atacama Large Millimeter Array Chajnantor, Chile 5 km altitude Methanol 3 0 -4 1 A at rest frequency 492278.713 MHz K=-1.6

13. Systematic effects

14. Result from three telescopes B0218+357 ? 2014 Reobservation 6.5 GHz at Effelsberg Analysis EVLA- data (Array telescope)

15. Some conclusion For redshifts z ~ 1 (7 Gyrs): Rate of change: Find objects at high redshift with methanol !

16. Thanks & Acknowledgement Paul Jansen Rick Bethlem Karl Menten Christian Henkel Sebastien Muller Julija Bagdonaite Isabelle Kleiner Li-Hong Xu Nissim Kanekar