1. © T. M. Whitmore Today Migration continued

2. © T. M. Whitmore Questions? Urban problems in LA Urban economic systems in LA

3. © T. M. Whitmore Migration-the 3 rd part of demography Definitions of migration  More-or-less permanent change in the locus of one’s life  Must cross political boundary “Circulation” a temporary change in residence

4. © T. M. Whitmore Migration — 4 major types 1 st type: International within Latin America 2 nd type: International to and from Latin America 3 rd type rural => rural migration 4 th type rural => urban migration

5. © T. M. Whitmore Example of International migration: Mexicans to US N limits of Mexico Loss of ½ of Mexican territory to US in war of 1840s Post-Mexican war in 1880s 1920s revolution and post-revolution chaos in Mexico plus demand for ag workers in WWI in US 1920s immigration laws change Anti-immigration hysteria => violence & expulsion of Mexicans 1920s-30s

6. © T. M. Whitmore Example of International migration: Mexicans to US II 1940s -1960s => Bracero program 1980s and beyond  Issue of illegal (undocumented) Mexico — USA labor markets closely coupled since 1880s  Issue of remittances Spatial patterns of migration Spatial

11. © T. M. Whitmore Remittances – a major consequence of migration People move North by the millions, and money moves South by the billions People move North by the millions Remittances are monies sent by workers in the US to their Latin American (and other) homes. Remittances are a result of underemployed or unemployed in LA seeking jobs in USA underemployed jobs

13. © T. M. Whitmore Remittances II About 17 million Latin American origin residents living in the United States  Send about $45 billion to their families on a yearly basis.  Each transfer transaction averages approximately $300  60% of senders are “working poor” in USA;  > 50% of senders <35 years old (but still significant sending by older and more settled immigrants)

14. © T. M. Whitmore Spending Remittances Vast majority spent on household expenses expenses But 1/3 invest in housing, businesses, & real estate

15. © T. M. Whitmore Scale of remittance Flows For 2006= ~ $ 45 billion from US (up 50% in past few yrs)  ~$60b if Europe etc. included thus, US is source of ~75% of total flows Exceeded the combined flows of all Foreign Direct Investment and net Official Development Assistance to the Region LA is now the fastest growing and highest volume remittance market in the world  > 150 million transfers annually to over 20 million recipients

16. © T. M. Whitmore Scale of remittance Flows II Flows substantially exceed tourism income to each country Account for at least 10% of GDP in  Haiti, Jamaica, & the Dominican Republic  Nicaragua & El Salvador  Guyana Almost always exceeds the income from the largest export in receiving country

17. © T. M. Whitmore Scale of remittance Flows III Remittances to Mexico  Greater than the country's total tourism income  Greater than two-thirds of the value of petroleum exports  About equal to 180% of the country's agricultural exports. The earnings of Salvadorans residing in the United States  Greater than entire GDP of the country.

18. © T. M. Whitmore Remittance Origins in US Top US sending states: all over $1 b annually (total ~ $34b of the $45b total) Top US sending states  CA - $13.2b  TX - $5.2b  NY - $3.7b  IL - $2.6b  GA - $1.7b  AZ - $1.3b  NC - $1.2b  VA - $1.1b

19. © T. M. Whitmore Remittance destinations in LA Over $1 billion annually = Over $1 billion annually  Mexico – $20b  Brazil - 6.4  Colombia - 4.1  Guatemala - 2.9  El Salvador - 2.8  DR - 2.7  Peru - 2.5  Ecuador - 2.0  Honduras - 1.8  Jamaica - 1.7  Haiti - 1.0

20. © T. M. Whitmore Destination recipients All with more than 10% of adults receiving remittances receiving  Ecuador 14%  El Salvador 28%  Honduras 16%  Guatemala 24%  Mexico: 18%

21. © T. M. Whitmore Destination recipients II Per capita annual remittances  Mexico: $190/capita  El Salvador ~$400/capita  Honduras: ~$240/capita  Guatemala: ~$200/capita  Dominican Republic: ~ $300/capita Done via intl money transfer companiesmoney transfer

26. Source: © IADB

28. Return migrant (remittance funded) housing in Ecuador © Brad Jokish

29. © Thomas Whitmore House built with remittances in rural Guatemala

30. © Thomas Whitmore

33. © T. M. Whitmore Quiroga, Mexico

34. Source: © IADB

35. © Thomas Whitmore

36. © T. M. Whitmore Rural => Rural migration From densely settled highlands to sparsely settled lowlands  Andean to Amazonia Andean  Andean to coast  Central American Central From densely settled NE Brazil and S cities to Amazonia From

37. © T. M. Whitmore Rural => Rural migration II Causes (example of Guatemala)  Demographic  Political  Economic  ecological Also temporary r -> r “circulation”

39. Amazonia

45. © T. M. Whitmore 4th type: rural => urban migration What is it?  rural to urban migration => permanent change of residence Why migrate?  “Push” and “Pull” forces  economic welfare  social welfare  other factors

46. © T. M. Whitmore Why migrate I? Economic (pushes & pulls)  Lack of land  Few non-farm opportunities  Little upward mobility  Development => fewer rural jobs & jobs with less dignity

47. © T. M. Whitmore Why migrate II? Social (pushes & pulls)  Education  Health care access

48. © T. M. Whitmore Why migrate III? Other (pushes & pulls)  Environmental  Violence  Individual factors  Family strategy

49. © T. M. Whitmore Who migrates? Age Gender Marital status Education level Personal Ethnicity

50. © T. M. Whitmore How do migrants move? Migration patterns  Role of information  Role of social networks  Step vs direct migration  Fill-in migration  Role of distance