1. GERMAN GOVERNMENT M.K.: Pelayanan Publik Dosen: A.K.

2. German Government Federal: “Bundesregierung” State: 16 State “Bundesland” Local: 14.000 cities, communities and countries

3. Local Government in Germany Local government – local self administration – means participation of the citizens running their local community Representation through a council which is part of the administration. This is not a parliament.

4. Local Self - Administration In modern times: municipal self administration According to: Vom Stein’sche Reform 1808” Accepted by political orientation The German reform was influenced by the French and English model The new public management and participation is still the result of international exchange

5. Local Self – Administration in Germany The history of local self administration is:  The history of legal administration (bureaucracy, Max Weber)  The history of service delivery (Daseinsvorsorge, Ernst Forsthoff)  The history of participation (Freiherr vom Stein)

6. Local Government Tasks Energy supply (power, water, gas), Saving banks, Local public, Transportation (subway, tram, buses), Airports, Harbors, Fairs, Waste management, Sewage, housing programs, Hospitals, Business – support service, Tourism, Theater, Opera, Orchestra and Chorus, Conservatories, Museums, Archives, Public galleries, Libraries, Adult Education, Municipal road construction, Sports facilities, Parks, Public swimming pools, Homes for youth and elderly, Kindergarten, Integration of handicapped, facility management, Statistics, Zoos, Cemeteries, Convention centers, Data processing centers, sanatoriums, City planning, primary schools and much more. (Police, Secondary school, Universities and Fiscal administration are responsibilities of the states)

7. Service Federal Government State Government Local Government Normative service Almost 90% of the municipal responsibilities is service

8. Setting an Appropriate Framework for Participation “Big” and “Small” democracy Framework for public activities Local culture of governance Success factor

9. “Big” and “Small” Democracy Citizen Constitutional Institutions: Mayor/council City management, Referendum, Plebiscite Network of Civil Society Local Community: Initiatives, Associations, Neighborhood groups “Big Democracy” “Small Democracy” Vote and communicate Membership, Sponsorship And other support Interaction Cooperation

10. Framework for Citizen Activities Individual participation in decision – making processes Devolution: Civil society as service provider Infrastructure for public action/involvement

11. Local Culture of Governance No General benchmark, but different models : Forum, DK: Strong Political leaderships Porto Alegre, BS: Participative Budget Tillburg, NL: Strengthen Neighborhood Focus Berlin, D: Quartier Management Rosenheim, D: Social City Phoenix, USA: Neighborhood Service Department Monchweiller, D: Participative Budget Agenda 21 Leipzig, D: Citizen-center One-stop-agency Christchurch, NZ: Better management Transparent Budget

12. Success Factors Transparency: “What you see is what you get! (WYSIWYG)” Substance: “Where’s the beef?” Open process: “Are we taking partners seriously?” Concentration of competence: “With whom do I speak?”

13. Why Participation? Strengthens democracy  From affliction to participation  Involves more people  Increases popular consent Improves service (effectiveness) Improves service delivery (quality)

14. Continuity of Customer Participation Information Consultation Partnership Delegation Steering Guidance Traditional Models of Representative Democracy

15. The Path to Good Governance Authority : Official regulations Information : Building owner information database with steps and tips for building permits Consultation : Collecting input from citizens in decision making process Partnership : Involving parents in kindergarten management Delegation : Children planning their own playground, which is than built by local authorities Guidance : A global budge for the neighborhood. Citizens achieve their plans without decisions by the administration

16. New Media and Participation A revolution is possible with new forms of cooperation through the internet and intranets Multi-functional service with personalize service Improved service in rural areas Service quality in rural areas can compete with urban regions “Kiosk” near the information highway

17. Active Citizen Participation - In Rural Areas Examples - One-on-one Meetings Town Meetings Workshops Consultation and local inspections “Suggestion boxes village development” Self-help and Ad-Hoc actions Exhibitions Actions examples Information – and examination tours Local consultation hours Information on work in progress Village newspaper