1. + 1.1 Biology… It Begins! Chp 1, pg 2-31

2. + Why is biology important? Questions you’ve asked yourself? Why can birds fly? How do I work? What makes me who I am? How did life begin? All things biology tries to answer. Unfortunately, biology cannot answer all of these.

3. + Some disclaimers a collection of never-changing facts. As technology opens up new possibilities, more in-depth experimenting can occur. Facts are, repeatable, and testable. If these steps cannot be done, and is made. are well-tested explanation that unifies many observations and hypotheses. Though theories may be the view among the majority of scientists, no theory is considered

4. + Some disclaimers New evidence can revise or a theory with a more useful explanation. Open-mindedness is important. We must always be and be able to accept new evidence. Science is subject to, based on what scientist want to believe. Do not just take your teachers word for it! Do your own research!

5. + What science is and is not… Goals of science: provide natural for events in the natural world. use those explanations to patterns in nature and to make useful predictions about natural events.

6. + The scientific method and asking questions Making inferences and forming Conducting controlled Collecting and analyzing Drawing.

7. Observing and Asking Questions Begin with - act of noticing and describing events in a careful, orderly way. For example, researchers observed that marsh grass grows taller in some places than others. This observation led to a : Why do marsh grasses grow to different heights in different places?

8. Inferring and Forming a Hypothesis Scientists use observations to make - logical interpretations based on what is already known. Inference lead to a - a scientific explanation for a set of observations that can be tested in ways that support or reject it. Based on their knowledge of salt marshes, they hypothesized that marsh grass growth is limited by available nitrogen.

9. Designing Controlled Experiments Design experiment that keeps track of - various factors that can change. Examples of variables include temperature, light, time, and availability of nutrients. In the hypothesis and experiment, only variable is changed. All other variables should be, or controlled. This type of experiment is called a.

10. Controlling Variables The variable that is deliberately changed is called the (also called the manipulated variable). The variable that is observed and that changes in response to the independent variable is called the (also called the responding variable). **

11. Control and Experimental Groups Two groups: control & experimental groups. - does not receive the independent variable. receives the independent variable. Which is the control? Experimental?

12. Designing Controlled Experiments For example, researchers selected plots of grass with plant density, soil type, and input of freshwater. The plots were divided into control and experimental groups. Which plot receives the independent variable? Added nitrogen fertilizer (the independent variable) to the plots. Observed the growth of marsh grass in both experimental and control plots. What is the dependent variable? Amount of growth

13. Collecting and Analyzing Data Collect – information from recorded observations Two types: data - numbers obtained by counting or measuring. Ex) number of plants per plot, plant sizes, and growth rates. data - descriptive and involve characteristics that cannot usually be counted. Ex) foreign objects in the plots, or whether the grass was growing upright or sideways.

14. Data

15. Drawing Conclusions Use experimental data as to support, refute, or revise the hypothesis being tested, and to draw a valid. Conclusion: Nitrogen helps these marsh plants grow.

16. Lesson Overview 1.2 Science in Context

17. THINK ABOUT IT The is the heart of science. But that “heart” is only part of the full “body” of science. Other important parts of science include the scientific and society.

18. Exploration and Discovery: Where Ideas Come From What scientific attitudes help generate new ideas? Curiosity,, open-mindedness, and Good scientists scientific attitudes that lead them to and discovery.

19. Curiosity Curiosity keeps us. You may look at a salt marsh and ask, “What’s that plant? Why is it growing here?” Often, results from previous studies lead to. For example: We find out that marsh grass grows in salt marshes because of the high levels of nitrogen. Our next question could be:

20. Skepticism Skeptics question ideas and hypotheses, and refuse to accept explanations without. Scientists who disagree with hypotheses design experiments to them. Supporters of hypotheses also test their ideas to them and to address any valid raised.

21. Open-Mindedness Open-minded - willing to different ideas that may agree with their hypothesis. Creativity Researchers need to think creatively to experiments that yield accurate data.

22. Practical Problems Ideas for scientific investigations may arise from problems. For example, people living on a strip of land along a coast may face flooding and other problems. These practical questions scientific questions, hypotheses, and experiments.

23. Reviewing and Sharing Ideas Why is peer review important? Publishing peer-reviewed articles allows researchers to ideas and to test and each other’s work.

24. Peer Review Reviewers read articles looking for, unfair influences, fraud, or in techniques or reasoning. They provide expert of the work to ensure that the highest standards of quality are met.

25. Sharing Knowledge and New Ideas New may spark new questions. Each question leads to hypotheses that must be tested. For example, the findings that growth of salt marsh grasses is limited by nitrogen suggests that nitrogen might be a limiting nutrient for mangroves and other plants in similar habitats.

26. Scientific Theories What is a scientific theory? Theory – a explanation that unifies a broad range of and hypotheses Enables scientists to make predictions about new situations.

27. Science and Society What is the relationship between science and society? Using science involves understanding its in society and its.

28. Science, Ethics, and Morality Science can tell us technology and scientific knowledge can be applied, but not whether it be applied in particular ways. Example: What does the frontal lobe of the brain do? Test: Remove the frontal lobe and see what happens. Should we? Other examples include testing, chemicals in food, etc.

29. Avoiding Bias The way that science is applied can be affected by… - a particular point of view that is, rather than scientific. Science aims to be, but scientists are human, too. Sometimes scientific data can be misinterpreted or misapplied by scientists who want to a particular point. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pYPgi1oUqXA

30. Understanding and Using Science Don’t just memorize today’s scientific facts and ideas. Instead, try to how scientists developed those ideas and come up with of your own.

31. Understanding and Using Science Understanding biology will help you realize that we humans can the consequences of our actions and take an active role in our future and that of our planet. Personal example: How does food affects you? US example: How can watersheds be cleaned? Worldwide example: How can pollution be reduced?

32. Lesson Overview 1.3 Studying Life

33. Characteristics of Living Things What characteristics do all living things share? 1) Made up of basic units called. 2) Based on a genetic code 3) Obtain and use materials and. 4) Grow and.

34. 5) 6) Respond to their environment 7) Maintain a internal environment 8) over time. What characteristics do all living things share?

35. Characteristics of Living Things Biology is the study of. But what is life? No characteristic is enough to describe a living thing. Some things, like viruses, exist at the border between organisms and nonliving things.

36. Characteristics of Living Things Living things are based on a universal code. All organisms store the they need to live in a genetic code called. DNA is from parent to offspring and is almost identical in every organism on Earth.

37. Characteristics of Living Things Living things and develop. A fertilized egg again and again. As these cells divide, they become.

38. Characteristics of Living Things Living things to their environment. – signal an organism responds to. Ex) Some plants can produce unsavory chemicals to ward off caterpillars that feed on their leaves.

39. Characteristics of Living Things Living things -- Produce new organisms. Most plants and animals perform reproduction -- Cells from two parents unite to form one cell that will divide and grow.

40. Characteristics of Living Things Other organisms go through reproduction -- One organism produces offspring to itself. Ex) Bacteria, cuttings, etc.

41. Characteristics of Living Things Living things a stable internal environment - Expend energy to keep conditions inside cells. Ex) Kidneys, lysosomes, etc.

42. Characteristics of Living Things Living things obtain and use. - Reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials. Ex) How we use food.

43. Characteristics of Living Things Living things are made up of — the smallest units considered fully. Cells are and highly organized. The human body is made up of over 100 trillion cells. And there 10x that many microorganisms in our intestines!

44. Characteristics of Living Things Over generations, groups of organisms Or over time. Beaks change over time depending on what food is available.

45. What are the central themes of biology? The basis of life and heredity Matter and energy Growth, development, and reproduction Evolution and function Unity and diversity of life in nature Science as a way of knowing.

46. Cellular Basis of Life Living things are made of. organisms - consist of only a single cell organisms – Made of many cells. These cells display many different sizes, shapes, and functions.

47. Information and Heredity Living things are based on a universal code. The inside your cells right now can influence your —your risk of getting cancer, the amount of cholesterol in your blood, and the color of your children’s hair.

48. Matter and Energy Life requires matter for to build body structures, and that fuels life’s processes. Plants obtain energy from sunlight and take up nutrients from air, water, and soil. Animals plants or other animals to obtain both nutrients and energy. – All living things are connected.

49. Growth, Development, and Reproduction All living things, grow, and develop. Cells become more for particular functions. cells for your brain, muscles, liver, etc.

50. Homeostasis Living things keep a internal environment. If fails, it can be fatal. Kidney filters blood. Waste exits the body. People exhale CO2. If these processes stopped, we would die.

51. Evolution Groups of living things. Fact or theory: Evolutionary change links all forms of life to a common origin more than 3.5 billion years ago. Organisms change to suit their environment.

52. Structure and Function Organisms have evolved structures that make particular possible. This helps species to life in different environments.

53. Unity and Diversity of Life Life takes forms, but life is at the molecular level. organisms use DNA, protein, and enzymes to carry out their functions. People and bacteria both have DNA, use proteins to transfer materials, and have enzymes to help proteins.

54. Interdependence in Nature All life is connected into a, or “living planet.” Organisms are to each other and the non-living environment around them. Relationships between organisms and their environments on the cycling of matter and the flow of energy.

55. Science as a Way of Knowing Job of science: the natural world using natural forces. Done through, questioning, and.

56. Fields of Biology How do fields of biology differ in their approach to studying life? Different use different to study life. Microbiologist vs. ecologist

57. Global Ecology Global ecologists study our impact. Ex) How does pollution affect the climate? How does overfishing affect marine life? Biotechnology Biotechnology includes rewriting the code. damaged genes Prevent disease Genetically bacteria to produce medicine. Raises, legal, and social questions.

58. Ecology and Evolution of Infectious Diseases Host and pathogen are constantly changing. The pathogen environment includes our, medicines, and with each other and the environment. Why can’t we find a cure for the common cold?

59. Genomics and Molecular Biology Focus on and molecules inside cells. What can we do with this information? Help us understand, cancer, and the of life on Earth.

60. Performing Biological Investigations How is the metric system important in science? The metric system is used to collect and perform. Scaled on multiples of.

61. Scientific Measurement: Common Metric Units

62. The system makes it easy to to large and small units. Which would you rather do? How many ounces in 3.4 lbs? How many milligrams in 3.4 g?