1. Project title: Characterisation of PM pollution with long term measurements in urban and rural areas Xavier Querol, CSIC, Spain (proposing project, but not as a coordinator) Objectives: Detailed characterisation of PM in urban and rural background monitoring stations (5-6 twined sites across EU). Complemented with interpretation of pollution scenarios (local and regional pollution, LRT episodes, both from natural and anthropogenic origins, and Atlantic advective (clean)) Location: in 5-6 regions EU covering climate & geo variations

2. Proposal for an Apheis PM characteristics Proposed methodology - Selection of 5-6 twined sites and regions: - Committee (environ and health experts) for selection of PM parameters (ie BS!!!, dust, SIC, OM, EC, sea spray, #/cc, metals, PM10, PM2.5, PM1, PAH???) - Implement already existing twined sites to cover needs - Daily study and definition of the type of PM pollution episodes - Identical methodologies should be applied - Measuring for at least 4-5 years - Net able to incorporate new parameters along the study if needed - Inter-compare PM characteristics & type of pollution

3. Required data Implementation of already existing twined stations Expected results Supplying data series on PM characteristics across EU in urban and rural environments, and obtaining data on phenomenology of the specific pollution scenarios defined above across EU. The comparison between the urban and close rural background sites may allow differentiating large scale pollution episodes from very local ones and obtaining PM characteristics for each one with the final goal of supplying information for policy on PM Abatement strategies Proposal for an Apheis PM characteristics

4. Disciplines involved AQ monitoring Chemistry Epidemiology Meteorology Administrative and financial professionals Timetable Prior to measurements: 12 month. Data collection: 14 months (for a 3y. project), but ideally 48-60 month Data analysis: 8-12 months Report/paper writing: 6 months Proposal for an Apheis PM characteristics

5. Need for funds This project implies: - A first non experimental work by committee to select parameters - Purchase of instrumentation to implement stations - Laboratory analysis - Travel and subsistence funds for the training - Contracts for personnel Proposal for an Apheis PM characteristics

6. PM10 (µg/m 3 ) Aportes locales directos (Tráfico, T) Fondo Regional (FR) Fondo Urbano (FU) De-composición de contribuciones Lenschow et al. (2001)

7. unnacounted metals OC+EC marine mineral NH4+ NO3- nmSO42- 10 20 30 40 50 60 µg/m 3 PM10/PM2.5 Las Palmas 48/18 µg/m 3 Barcelona 47/28 µg/m 3 Llodio 33/24 µg/m 3 Bemantes 19/14 µg/m 3 Alcobendas 29/17 µg/m 3 Huelva 36/19 µg/m 3 Wien 53/38 µg/m 3 Illmitz 24/20 µg/m 3 Berlin 40/26 µg/m 3 Berlin 29/22 µg/m 3 Helsinki 25/12 µg/m 3 Helsinki 14/8 µg/m 3 Basel 28/- µg/m 3 Kerbside station Urban background Rural background ) Wien:Schneider (2002) Berlin: Abraham (2001) Helsinki: Pakkanen et al., (2001) Basel: Röösli et al. (2001)

8. PM CHARACTERISATION AND SOURCES X. QUEROL 1, H.C. HANSSON 2 1 Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra del CSIC, Barcelona, Spain 2 Institute of Applied Environmental Research, Stockholm, Sweden with the collaboration of: R.M. HARRISON 3, E. BURINGH 4, M. LUTZ 5, P. BRUCKMANN 6, P. STRAEHL 7, J. SCHNEIDER 8 3 University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK 4 Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Millieu, Bilthoven, The Netherlands 5 Senate Department of Urban Development, Berlin, Germany 6 Landesumweltamt NRW, Essen, Germany 7 Swiss Agency for the Environment, Berne, Switzerland 8 Federal Environment Agency, Vienna, Austria xavier.querol@ija.csic.es Milano, 10 th December 2003 AVHRR 16 km © 1998 Planetary Visions

9. 3 sites in Germany, Berlin (1998 and 2000-2001), Lenschow et al. (2001), Abraham (2001) and Senate Department of Urban Development 10 sites Spain (1999-2001), Querol et al. (2001 and 2003), Artíñano et al. (2003) and Rodriguez et al. (2002) Sweden (1999-2001), Areskoug et al. (2003) and Swietlicki et al. (2003) The Netherlands (1998-1999) were obtained from National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, specially Viesser et al. (2002) United Kingdom (2001) 4 paired urban background and roadside sites in London and Birmingham (Harrison et al. 2003) 2 sites Illmitz-Wien, Austria (2001), Federal Environment Agency in Vienna 3 sites in Switzerland (2001), Agency for the Environment in Bern PM10 AND PM2.5 DATA USED

10. 20 µgPM2.5/m 3 THE NETHERLANDS 28 µgPM2.5/m 3 SPAIN PM2.5 at Kerbside sites 3%, 0.6 µg/m 3 3%, 0.7 µg/m 3 Marine aerosol 16%, 4.5 µg/m 3 Regional back 12%, 3.3 µg/m 3 City & Industrial back 28%, 7.8 µg/m 3 27%, 5.5 µg/m 3 19%, 3.8 µg/m 3 36%, 9.3 µg/m 3 Secondary inorganics 14%, 2.9 µg/m 3 11%, 3.1 µg/m 3 Unaccounted 8%, 2.1 µg/m 3 14%, 3.9 µg/m 3 19%, 5.4 µg/m 3 41%, 11.4 µg/m 3 Regional back. Local traffic at kerbsides Urban back 16%, 3.2 µg/m 3 6%, 1.3 µg/m 3 11%, 2.2 µg/m 3 33%, 6.7 µg/m 3 OC+EC Mineral 7%, 1.9 µg/m 3 4%, 1.0 µg/m 3 6%, 1.8 µg/m 3 17%, 4.7 µg/m 3 Regionaal back. Local traffic at kerbsides Urban back (demolition & road) 3%, 0,6 µg/m 3 1%, 0,1 µg/m 3 4%, 0.7 µg/m 3 Conclusions: Important differences on mineral dust in PM2.5 OC/EC most important and sec. Inorganic, dust next