1. Vulnerabilities Dependence on foreign oil Global warming – CO 2 emissions Population Growth Illusions

2. OIL INDEPENDENCE Smoothing short-term grid fluctuations Diurnal load shifting of grid demand Regenerative energy storage Power reliability and quality Distributed stand-by power Energy Conservation Alternative Energy Sources Storing energy from variable sources: solar, wind, wave

3. CO 2 EMISSIONS Hybrid electric vehicles Local wind, solar generators Portable electric power Distributed Centralized Solar and wind farms Sequestering CO 2

4. RESEARCH versus DEVELOPMENT New computational and characterization tools for modeling and aiding design New materials Control of interface phases and charge-transfer processes Understanding relationship of morphology and performance; control of fabrication and architectural stability Understanding failure mechanisms: their diagnosis and correction Satisfying safety and environmental concerns Not possible to bridge with engineering alone Bridging Gap Between Present Art and Performance Requirements Research Objectives

5. THANKS TO Pat Dehmer Harriet Kung Dick Kelley John Vetrano