1. The Periodic Table

2. Why is the Periodic Table important to me? The periodic table is the most useful tool to a chemist. You get to use it on almost every test. It organizes lots of information about all the known elements.

3. Pre-Periodic Table Chemistry … …was a mess!!! No organization of elements. Imagine going to a grocery store with no organization!! Difficult to find information. Chemistry didn’t make sense.

4. Dmitri Mendeleev: Father of the Table Russian Chemist Published the first version of the periodic table in 1869 Arranged elements according to increasing atomic mass His periodic table had gaps

5. Dmitri Mendeleev: Father of the Table HOW HIS WORKED… Put elements in rows by increasing atomic mass. Put elements in columns by the way they reacted. SOME PROBLEMS… He left blank spaces for what he said were undiscovered elements. (Turned out he was right!) He broke the pattern of increasing atomic weight to keep similar reacting elements together.

6. Henry Moseley (1887-1915) Made improvements to Mendeleev’s Periodic Table Arranged elements by atomic number instead of mass Realized that there were undiscovered elements

7. Groups…Here’s Where the Periodic Table Gets Useful!! Elements in the same group have similar chemical and physical properties!! (Mendeleev did that on purpose.) Why?? They have the same number of valence electrons. They will react with other elements in similar ways.

8. Families on the Periodic Table Columns are also grouped into families. Families may be one column, or several columns put together. Families have names rather than numbers. (Just like your family has a common last name.)

9. What’s in a square? Different periodic tables can include various bits of information, but usually: –atomic number 1 –Symbol H –atomic mass 1.0007 –number of valence electrons –state of matter at room temperature.

10. Representative Elements Groups 1-2 & 13-18 Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals The Boron Family The Carbon Group The Nitrogen Group The Oxygen Group The Halogens The Noble Gases

11. Transition Elements Groups 3-12 Transition Elements All transition elements are metals. Group 11 (The Coinage Metals) The Lanthanides The Actinides

12. The Current Periodic Table Mendeleev wasn’t too far off. Henry Moseley rearranged the periodic table and now the elements are put in rows by increasing ATOMIC NUMBER!! The horizontal rows are called periods and are labeled from 1 to 7. The vertical columns are called groups are labeled from 1 to 18.

15. Hydrogen Hydrogen belongs to a family of its own. Hydrogen is a diatomic, reactive gas. Hydrogen was involved in the explosion of the Hindenberg. Hydrogen is promising as an alternative fuel source for automobiles

16. Alkali Metals 1 st column on the periodic table (Group 1) not including hydrogen. Very reactive metals, always combined with something else in nature (like in salt). Soft enough to cut with a butter knife

17. Alkaline Earth Metals Second column on the periodic table. (Group 2) Reactive metals that are always combined with nonmetals in nature. Several of these elements are important mineral nutrients (such as Mg and Ca

18. Transition Metals Elements in groups 3- 12 Less reactive harder metals Includes metals used in jewelry and construction. Metals used “as metal.”

19. Boron Family Elements in group 13 Aluminum metal was once rare and expensive, not a “disposable metal.”

20. Carbon Family Elements in group 14 Contains elements important to life and computers. Carbon is the basis for an entire branch of chemistry. Silicon and Germanium are important semiconductors.

21. Nitrogen Family Elements in group 15 Nitrogen makes up over ¾ of the atmosphere. Nitrogen and phosphorus are both important in living things. Most of the world’s nitrogen is not available to living things. The red stuff on the tip of matches is phosphorus.

22. Oxygen Family or Chalcogens Elements in group 16 Oxygen is necessary for respiration. Many things that stink, contain sulfur (rotten eggs, garlic, skunks,etc.)

23. Halogens Elements in group 17 Very reactive, volatile, diatomic, nonmetals Always found combined with other element in nature. Used as disinfectants and to strengthen teeth.

24. The Noble Gases

25. Elements in group 18 VERY unreactive, monatomic gases Used in lighted “neon” signs Used in blimps to fix the Hindenberg problem. Have a full valence shell.

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27. Periods Each row is called a “period” The elements in each period have the same number of shells www.chem4kids.com

28. Groups Each column is called a “group” Each element in a group has the same number of electrons in their outer orbital, also known as “shells”. Except for He, it has 2 electrons The electrons in the outer shell are called “valence electrons” www.chem4kids.com

29. Elements on the periodic table can be grouped into families bases on their chemical properties. Each family has a specific name to differentiate it from the other families in the periodic table. Elements in each family react differently with other elements. Families on the Periodic Table