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The Molecules of Life Chapter 5, SectionS 1-4.

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Presentation on theme: "The Molecules of Life Chapter 5, SectionS 1-4."— Presentation transcript:

1 The Molecules of Life Chapter 5, SectionS 1-4

2 Living things are composed of ORGANIC molecules which contain the element CARBON (INORGANIC compounds do not!) WHY CARBON? Carbon has _____ valence electrons and can easily bond with other atoms (including other carbon atoms) to make large, complex molecules in many shapes… 4

3 MONOMERS AND POLYMERS Most complex macromolecules are POLYMERS which are made up of smaller units called MONOMERS Polymers are built through a DEHYDRATION reaction where a water molecule is released Polymer bonds are broken when water is ADDED in a HYDROLYSIS reaction

4 CARBOHYDRATES (CH2O)x Sugars and Starches Store chemical ENERGY and have some structural purposes Variable in Size SMALL MONOMER Monosaccharide Simple Sugars EX: glucose, fructose, galactose Disaccharide Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose LARGE POLYMER Polysaccharide Many glucose =starch or glycogen, Cellulose

5 CARBOHYDRATES HYDROPHILIC molecules (Hydroxyl Group attracts water) However, POLYSACCHARIDES do NOT dissolve in water because of their size

6 LIPIDS Contain mostly Carbon and Hydrogen (some Oxygen) Fats, Oils, Waxes, and Steroids HYDROPHOBIC molecules formed from a Glycerol molecule and Fatty Acid Chains (Avoid Water (Don’t Mix)- Nonpolar)

7 LIPIDS Store ENERGY and are a structural component of biological MEMBRANES Saturated Fats (solid at room temp): All carbon atoms single bond Unsaturated Fats (oils): One or more double-bonded carbon atoms Steroids (4 fused rings): Circulate as chemical signals (hormones); Cholesterol (Good-HDL/Bad-LDL)

8 NUCLEIC ACIDS Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous Molecules of INHERITANCE (DNA and RNA) Assembled from monomers called NUCLEOTIDES

9 PROTEINS Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Made of monomers called AMINO ACIDS (20 different a.a.) Amino Acids are joined by peptide bonds, therefore another name for a protein is POLYPEPTIDE There are 4 levels of structural organization

10 PROTEINS Proteins are very diverse and have different functions: Aid in chemical reactions (enzymes) Help fight disease (antibodies) Build bone and muscle tissue Help transport substances in/out of cell Help regulate cell processes


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