1. Copyright © 2006 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved Chapter 6 Historical Perspectives: Influences of the Past

2. Copyright © 2006 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved Historical Perspectives: Influences of the Past Explain the early European contributions to nursing Explain the forces that affected the roles of American nurses Discuss what nurses do

3. Copyright © 2006 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved Nursing History: People and Places Where did it all begin? Nurse derived from Latin word nutricius, meaning nourishing Nursing performed by priestesses Why deacons, widows, and virgins? Deaconesses ministered the sick Widows only married once Greater value placed on purity of body—the virgin Became known as nuns (not married)

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5. Nursing History: People and Places (cont’d) Florence Nightingale—the legend and the lady Crimean War Schools of nursing

6. Copyright © 2006 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved American Nursing: Critical Factors What was it like in colonial times? All able-bodied persons had nursing responsibilities Women were preferred to do the nursing What happened during the period of the Civil War? Formal nursing training

7. Copyright © 2006 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved The Nurse’s Role: The Struggle for Definitions What do nurses do? Caregiver Teacher Advocate Managers Colleague Expert What is the traditional role of a nurse?

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10. The Nurse’s Role The Struggle for Definitions (cont’d) Did you know you would be a teacher? Who will advocate? Why are nurses managers? Can nurses be colleagues? Where does this leave the role of colleague?

11. Copyright © 2006 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved What about Experts? Academicians Historians Nursing educators Clinicians Professional educators Researchers Theorists Nurse technologists Research consumers All are recognized as leaders within the profession.

12. Copyright © 2006 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved The Beginning Nurses are caregivers Nurses are teachers Nurses are managers Nurses are colleagues Nurses are experts May you become proficient in these roles and develop into an expert, and then provide the leadership for nursing in the future…

13. Copyright © 2006 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved The future is not the result of choices among alternative paths offered; It is a place that is created, Created first in the mind and will, Created next in activity. The future is not some place we are going to, But one we are creating. The paths to it are not found, but made. And the activity of making them Changes both the maker and the destiny. —Anonymous (1987)