1. Chapter 9 Section 9.4 – 9.6 1

2. Cloning  Clone  Clone- a member of a group of genetically identical cells 2

3. Cloning organisms body cell egg cell  A body cell from one organism and an egg cell from another are fused divides like a normal embryo  The resulting cell divides like a normal embryo 3

4. Human Genome Project 4

5.  Started in 1990  Research effort to sequence all of our DNA (46 chromosomes)  Over 3.3 billion nucleotides  Mapping every gene location (loci)  Conducted by scientists around the world 5

6. Benefits of Human Genome Project  Improvements in medical prevention of disease, gene therapies, diagnosis techniques …  Production of useful protein products for use in medicine, agriculture, bioremediation and pharmaceutical industries.  Improved bioinformatics – using computers to help in DNA sequencing … 6

7. Genetic Engineering 7

8. Genetic Engineering – inserting cloned genes from one organism into a different organism  Recombinant DNA – DNA that contains genes from more than one organism  Bacteria are commonly used – plasmids (loop of DNA – that is separate from the bacterial chromosome)  Genetic Engineering creates transgenic organisms 8

9. 9 Biotechnology Provides: Improved food products Medical advances An enhanced environment Improved food products Medical advances An enhanced environment

10. Herbicide Resistant Crops  Soybeans: Roundup Ready  Corn: Roundup Ready, Liberty Link  Cotton: BXN, Roundup Ready  Canola: Liberty Link, Roundup Ready 10

11. Biotechnology Breakthroughs  Insulin (1982)  First commercial biotech product  Reliable, inexpensive source of insulin  Rice  Enriched with beta-carotene and iron  Bananas  Containing edible hepatitis vaccine  Insulin (1982)  First commercial biotech product  Reliable, inexpensive source of insulin  Rice  Enriched with beta-carotene and iron  Bananas  Containing edible hepatitis vaccine 11

12. Biotechnology Breakthroughs  Potatoes with higher solid content  Garlic that lowers cholesterol  Fruits and vegetables that reduce risks of cancer and heart disease  Potatoes with higher solid content  Garlic that lowers cholesterol  Fruits and vegetables that reduce risks of cancer and heart disease 12

13. Environmental Benefits  Reduced pesticide use  Lower energy requirements  Cleaner water  Less soil erosion  Reduced pesticide use  Lower energy requirements  Cleaner water  Less soil erosion 13