1. HISTORICAL EXPERIMENTAL EVENTS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Revised June 2010

2. ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK DEVELOPED THE MICROSCOPE AND OBSERVED MICROOGANISMS 1670s

3. Gregor Mendel FORMULATED BASIC LAWS OF HEREDITY THROUGH EXPERIMENTS WITH PLANTS 1866

4. JOHAN FRIEDRICK MIESCHER ISOLATED DNA FROM NUCLEI OF A WHITE BLOOD CELL 1869

5. ROBERT KOCK PROVED MICROORGANISMS CAUSE DISEASE 1893

6. THOMAS MORGAN PROVED GENES ARE CARRIED ON CHROMOSOMES PHRASE “BIOTECHNOLOGY” WAS COINED 1910

7. ROUS DISCOVERED 1 ST CANCER-CAUSING VIRUS - 1911

8. THOMAS HUNT MORGAN RESEARCH CONTRIBUTED TO KNOWLEDGE OF X & Y CHROMOSOMES EARLY 1900 s

9. ALEXANDER FLEMING DISCOVERED PENICILLIN 1928

10. ERNST RUSKA BUILT 1 ST ELECTRON MICROSCOPE 1932

11. Rosalind Franklin EARLY X-RAY PHOTOGRAPHS REVEALED A DOUBLE HELIX STRUCTURE

12. JAMES WATSON & FRANCIS CRICK COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH ON DNA STRUCTURE -1953 (DOUBLE HELIX STRUCTURE)

13. ARTHUR KORNBERG DISCOVERED DNA POLYMERASE & A METHOD OF DNA REPLICATION 1956

14. PAUL BERG USED RESTRICTION ENZYMES TO CUT & PASTE SECTIONS OF DNA 1972

15. COHEN & BOYER 1 ST SUCCESSFUL RECOMBINANT DNA EXPERIMENT WITH BACTERIAL GENES - 1973 “GENETIC ENGINEERING” EVOLVED 1973 – 1 ST PATEND FOR GENE CLONING

16. ROBERT SWANSON STARTED GENETECH COMPANY GENETICALLY ENGINEERED INSULIN, “HUMULIN” WAS PRODUCED - 1978

17. BIOGEN PRODUCED INTRFERON THROUGH RECOMBINANT DNA - 1980

18. BARBARA McCLINTOCK STUDIED GENETICS OF CORN AWARED NOBEL PRIZE 1983

19. BISHOP & VARMUS RESEARCHED & IDENTIFIED ONCOGENES (1982 – 1989)

20. HUMAN GENOME PROJECT 1988 MASSIVE EFFORT TO MAP & SEQUENCE THE COMPLETE HUMAN GENETIC CODE

21. AMGEN - 1991 DEVELOPS NEUPOGEN USE TO TREAT LOW WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT DURING CHEMOTHERAPY

22. GENETICS INSTITUTE - 1992 DEVELOPED 1 ST GENETICALLY ENGINEERED BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR

23. FDA - 1993 DECLARES GENETICALLY ENGINEERED FOOD SAFE AND DOESN’T REQUIRE SPECIAL REGULATIONS

24. KARY MULLIS DEVELOPED PCR, DNA SEQUENCING & DNA FINGERPRINTING - 1993

25. CALGEN - 1994 PRODUCED THE 1 ST GENETICALLY ENGINEERED TOMATO IT IS RESISTANT TO ROTTING

26. LINUS PAULING - 1994 DESCRIBED SICKLE CELL ANEMIA GREAT CHEMIST OF 20 TH CENTURY

27. IAN WILMUT 1997 CLONED A SHEEP FROM AN ADULT SHEEP DNA

28. CELERA GENOMICS HUMAN GENOME PROJECT COMPLETES DRAFT OF DNA MAPPING - 2000 -

29. 21 ST CENTURY BIOTECHNOLOGY IS CENTERED IN: BIOLOGY CHEMISTRY PHYSICS

30. BIOTECHNOLOGY TECHNIQUES TODAY: CELL & TISSUE TECHNIQUES DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES GENETIC ENGINEERING