1. Sleep and Dreams Chapter 7-1

2. From The Human Mind Explained edited by Susan A. Greenfield, 1996 In 1959 New York disk jockey Peter Tripp stayed awake for 200 hours to raise money for charity….After about 50 hours, he started having mild hallucinations, seeing cobwebs in his shoes when there were none there and thinking that specks of dirt were bugs; by 100 hours, he became delirious and saw a doctor’s tweed suit as a tangle of furry worms; at 120 he needed a stimulant to keep him awake. After 150 hours, he was disoriented, no knowing who or where he was, and he became paranoid – he backed against a wall, letting no one pass behind him; by 200 hours, his hallucinations had taken a sinister turn, and he thought a doctor trying to examine him was an undertaker come to bury him.

3. consciousness A state of awareness, including a person’s feelings, sensations, ideas and perceptions

4. Altered states of consciousness Different levels of consciousness

5. Levels of Consciousness Alertness to nonalertness Alertness – being fully aware with your attention focused on something and are conscious of that thing

6. sleep A state of altered consciousness (a different level of consciousness), characterized by certain patterns of brain activity Unresponsiveness to the environment and limited physical mobility

7. Beliefs about Sleep That it is restorative Primitive hibernation Adaptive process Clears our minds of useless information To dream

8. Studying Sleep EEG

9. The Stages of Sleep Early Stages – Stage I: pulse slows, muscles relax, breathing uneven, brain waves irregular Approximately 10 minutes Theta waves – lower amplitude and frequency – Stage II: Eyes role from side to side Approximately 30 minutes – Stage III: Delta waves – large amplitude Later Stages

10. The Stages of Sleep Early Stages Later Stages – Stage IV: – Deepest level of sleep – Hard to wake people up – Delta waves – large and regular, happen more than 50% of the time – If suddenly woken, may feel disoriented – Talking out loud, sleepwalking, bed-wetting

11. 75% of the time “asleep” is spent in stages I-IV

12. REM sleep Rapid Eye Movement – Pulse rate & breathing are irregular – Adrenal & sexual hormones rise – Face or fingers twitch – Large muscles are paralyzed – Brains waves look like you are awake – Early at night – 15 mins long – Late at night – 45 mins long – Discovered by Nathaniel Kleitman

13. Sleep Labels NREM (non-REM) – Quiet sleep – Stages I-IV REM sleep – Active sleep – Almost all dreaming takes place

14. Sleep Cycle Stages I-IV REM Sleep Stage IV REM Sleep Stage IV Approximately 90 minutes

15. REM purpose Seems to serve psychological functions such as building efficient learning and memory processes

16. How Much Sleep 1/3 of our lives Newborns: 16 hours a day (half in REM) 16 yr olds: 10-11 hours asleep Graduate students: 8 hours a night 70 yr olds: 5 hours Adults: 25% in REM, 75% in NREM

17. Circadian Rhythm The rhythm of activity and inactivity lasting approximately one Biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulate physiological responses within a 24-25 hour time period

18. Sleep Disorders Insomnia Sleep Apnea Narcolepsy Nightmares and Night Terrors Sleepwalking and Sleep Talking

19. Insomnia Failure to get enough sleep at night in order to feel rested the next day Some causes: – Anxiety – Depression – Alcohol – drugs

20. Sleep Apnea Sleep disorder in which a person has trouble breathing while asleep Symptoms Snoring Affects 1 in 100 Americans Causes: – Enlarged tonsils – Repeated throat/ear infections – obesity

21. Narcolepsy Condition characterized by suddenly falling asleep or feeing very sleepy during the day Permanent/overwhelming feeling of sleepiness and fatigue Symptoms: – Unusual sleep/dream patterns – Dreamlike hallucinations – Feeling of temporary paralysis – Sleep attacks with REM sleep

22. Nightmares & Night Terrors Nightmares – unpleasant dreams during REM sleep Night terrors – sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV of sleep, involving screaming, panic, or confusion, can be 5-20 minutes long

23. Sleepwalking & Sleep Talking Walking or carrying out behaviors while asleep Typically found in children Can be inherited Causes: – Stress – Fatigue – Use of sedative medicines

24. The Content of Dreams Often incorporate our everyday activities into our dreams Most involve strenuous recreational activities or passive events Most emotions in dreams are unpleasant Follow a realistic time scale

25. Dream Interpretation Date back to 5000 BD Sigmund Freud believed that all dreams contain clues to thoughts the dreamer is afraid to acknowledge when awake Inuit people of North America believe dreams have hidden meanings Nathaniel Kleithman said dreaming may have no purpose Francis Crick believes dreaming removes certain unneed memories

26. Daydreams Low level of awareness Involves fantasizing or dreaming while awake Typically daydream when bored or activities require little attention Helps remind us of things in the future Improve our creativity Helps us control our emotions