1. Government of Canada 1873-1896

2. Alexander Mackenzie An Actual Nation Builder

3. MackenzieLincoln

4. A Nation “Builder” As a stone mason he helped build many places in Canada As a stone mason he helped build many places in Canada

5. A Man of Principles Background as a stonemason gave him different political ideals than most of the pro-British politicians in the country at the time Background as a stonemason gave him different political ideals than most of the pro-British politicians in the country at the time This is why he was never knighted (refused 3 offers) This is why he was never knighted (refused 3 offers) While PM because of Macdonald’s resignation, Mackenzie felt he had not earned the job While PM because of Macdonald’s resignation, Mackenzie felt he had not earned the job He called the election of 1874 He called the election of 1874

6. Mackenzie Campaign Mackenzie campaigned with 3 basic promises. Mackenzie campaigned with 3 basic promises. 1.Election Reform: secret ballot, same day voting, enfranchising more than property holders. 2.Constitutional Reform: less dependence on Britain and the beginning of Canadian identity. 3.Fiscal Responsibility: global recession and so the Liberals under Mackenzie promised to cut funding to save money.

7. Elections of 1874 Also used issue of Pacific Scandal to discredit the opposition Also used issue of Pacific Scandal to discredit the opposition Mackenzie wins and defeats John A. Macdonald’s conservatives 133-73 Mackenzie wins and defeats John A. Macdonald’s conservatives 133-73 PEI 6-0, NS 17-4, NB 11-5, QUE 33-32, ONT 64-24, MAN 2-2, BC 0-6 PEI 6-0, NS 17-4, NB 11-5, QUE 33-32, ONT 64-24, MAN 2-2, BC 0-6

8. Mackenzie’s Reign Seek Free trade with USA Seek Free trade with USA Cancels the building of the railway (angers B.C.) Cancels the building of the railway (angers B.C.) G.G. goes to B.C. to appease them. Mackenzie believes this to be over- reaching G.G. goes to B.C. to appease them. Mackenzie believes this to be over- reaching Reduces G.G. powers to ceremonial only. Reduces G.G. powers to ceremonial only. B.C. considers joining USA. B.C. considers joining USA.

9. Manitoba & The West Forces Metis off their land by making them provide deeds. Forces Metis off their land by making them provide deeds. Doesn't assist western Natives with a smallpox epidemic Doesn't assist western Natives with a smallpox epidemic Supports systematic over-hunting of buffalo to starve western Natives into submission Supports systematic over-hunting of buffalo to starve western Natives into submission

10. High Points He started the Northwest Mounted Police to patrol the West and keep out the bootleggers from the U.S. He started the Northwest Mounted Police to patrol the West and keep out the bootleggers from the U.S. Canada’s supreme court in 1875 Canada’s supreme court in 1875 The R.M.C. (Canada can have its own military officers) The R.M.C. (Canada can have its own military officers) Elections Act (guarantees freer elections) Elections Act (guarantees freer elections) Auditor General Auditor General

11. McDonald’s National Policy Coming to the 1878 election MacDonald reinvented himself. Coming to the 1878 election MacDonald reinvented himself. His new policy would be to increase trade between provinces in Canada and not with the USA. His new policy would be to increase trade between provinces in Canada and not with the USA. This would hurt the farmers of the West, and the Maritimes, but the industries of Ontario and Quebec love the idea This would hurt the farmers of the West, and the Maritimes, but the industries of Ontario and Quebec love the idea Many people were also unhappy with Mackenzie's anti-British policies. So MacDonald argues for closer ties to Britain. Many people were also unhappy with Mackenzie's anti-British policies. So MacDonald argues for closer ties to Britain. With these two policies together, the National Policy is born. With these two policies together, the National Policy is born.

12. 1878 Election Results Macdonald is back. Macdonald is back. Macdonald seen as the pro-British, pro-industry, pro -Canadian development choice Macdonald seen as the pro-British, pro-industry, pro -Canadian development choice The results of the election were 137-69 The results of the election were 137-69 Mackenzie resigns as leader of the liberal party and is replaced by Edward Blake in 1880 Mackenzie resigns as leader of the liberal party and is replaced by Edward Blake in 1880 Mackenzie does remain an MP until his death in 1892 Mackenzie does remain an MP until his death in 1892

13. National Policy Implemented British Imperialism Vs. Canadian Nationalism British Imperialism Vs. Canadian Nationalism –Places lower Tariffs on British goods –Slows down the development of RMC, & Supreme court Canada-wide trade Canada-wide trade –Continues with the building of the railway –No free trade with the USA

14. The Deal: By 1891- 1900 miles of track must be laid The Deal: By 1891- 1900 miles of track must be laid –$25,000,000 start up money (this was the equivalent to an entire year’s budget) –Half the arable land 24 miles on either side of the railway –3 smaller railways (worth $31.5 million) –Monopoly for 20 years (no one could build another railway) –Perpetual tax exemption

16. Rockies Shield

17. Opposition Despite the fact that many people did not support his plan, MacDonald does it anyway. Despite the fact that many people did not support his plan, MacDonald does it anyway. Canada sees economic success and he wins the next election easily. Canada sees economic success and he wins the next election easily. Now MacDonald feels he has a clear mandate from the Canadian people to finish the job. Now MacDonald feels he has a clear mandate from the Canadian people to finish the job.

18. Problems with the CPR Construction takes longer than anticipated. Construction takes longer than anticipated. By 1883 CPR is broke. By 1883 CPR is broke. They ask the Govn't for more money (refuse to sell their valuable land) They ask the Govn't for more money (refuse to sell their valuable land) MacDonald awards the CPR another 23 million MacDonald awards the CPR another 23 million CPR asks for an additional 30 million!!! CPR asks for an additional 30 million!!!

19. Needs an excuse MacDonald can't award the 30 million without committing political suicide. MacDonald can't award the 30 million without committing political suicide. However, Louis Riel's Metis in Red River rebel. However, Louis Riel's Metis in Red River rebel. MacDonald convinces parliament of the need for the railway for defense purposes and secures the 30 million needed. MacDonald convinces parliament of the need for the railway for defense purposes and secures the 30 million needed.

20. Northwest Rebellion 1870- Manitoba joins Confederation 1870- Manitoba joins Confederation 1870-1884- Increased English settlement 1870-1884- Increased English settlement June 1884- An exiled Louis Riel returns to help June 1884- An exiled Louis Riel returns to help Fall 1884- Armed rebellion begins Fall 1884- Armed rebellion begins MacDonald uses this to justify the CPR MacDonald uses this to justify the CPR May 1885- Riel & Metis are defeated May 1885- Riel & Metis are defeated Riel is hanged for treason Nov. 16, 1885 Riel is hanged for treason Nov. 16, 1885

21. MacDonald's final years By 1890 the CPR is completed, but the Canadian economy is struggling. By 1890 the CPR is completed, but the Canadian economy is struggling. The Liberal party has finally come together under the new leadership of Wilfrid Laurier The Liberal party has finally come together under the new leadership of Wilfrid Laurier MacDonald faces a tough election campaign in 1891 MacDonald faces a tough election campaign in 1891

23. 1891 Election MacDonald wins the election, but dies within 3 months. MacDonald wins the election, but dies within 3 months.

24. 5 in 5 John A. MacDonald- 1891- dies John A. MacDonald- 1891- dies John Abbot- 1891-1892- Resigns: illness John Abbot- 1891-1892- Resigns: illness John Thompson- 1892-1896- Dies John Thompson- 1892-1896- Dies Mackenzie Bowel- 1896- Ousted by cabinet Mackenzie Bowel- 1896- Ousted by cabinet Charles Tupper- 1896 (10 weeks)- Loses election Charles Tupper- 1896 (10 weeks)- Loses election