1. Hugo Grotius Mare Liberum 1609 Whales Norwegian herring Japanese sardine Peruvian anchovy Can. N. Atlantic cod Technology Capital Investment Fisheries Information Politics Social Issues Tragedy of commons Population

4. Total Global Fisheries Harvest ~160Mt YearCAPAQ 200294.552 200391.855.2 20049660 200595.563.3 200693.166.7 Capture Fisheries are constant at ~90-95Mt Aquaculture is steadily increasing

5. Table 1.1 Disposition of the total aquatic catch for 2002 Use% of total catch by weight Human consumption75.8 Fresh39.7 Frozen20.0 Cured7.3 Canned8.7 Reduction19.0 miscellaneous5.3

6. Why Do We Care? Calories High Quality Protein Essential Amino Acids Essential Fatty Acids (w3’s, w6’s)

7. How the Oceans Make Fish Primary Production  Commercial Fish 3 Types of Ocean Areas –Open Ocean –Coastal Areas –Upwelling Areas

8. Permanent pycnocline Sea surface sinking Excretion, death, and sinking grazing Upwelling and turbulent diffusion regeneration phytoplankton herbivores carnivores Winter mixed layer dissolved nutrients Nutrients in detritus dissolved nutrients grazing

13. Table 1.5 Estimates of marine primary production from Martin et al. (1987) Province% of ocean Area (10 12 m 2 ) Mean production (gC m -2 y -1 ) Global production (Pg C y -1 ) % of primary production Open ocean 90.032613042.3882 Coastal zone 9.9362509.0018 upwelling0.10.364200.150.4 total10036214251.53100

14. Open Ocean Area Deep Low inputs Mostly Regen. Nutrs. Stable Temporally Nutrient Limited Small Phytoplankton Long Food Chains Low Comm.Fish Yield –Big area –High value Needed

15. 113226 Algal picoplankton and nanoplankton (42,380) Flagellates (8,476) Ciliates (1,695) Crustacean zooplankton (339) Mesopelagic vertical migrators (45.2)Chaetognaths, micronekton (22.6) Small tuna, salmon, squid (3.39) Large tuna, sharks, billfish (0.51) Trophic level 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

16. Coastal Areas Shallow Seasonal Inputs Seasonal Variability ~50% New Nutrients Spring bloom (40%) Larger Phytoplankton Shorter Food Chains –Clupeids Benthic Food Chains –Gadoid fishes –Mollusks –Crustaceans High Comm. Fish Yield

17. 2816.3 102 306 29 20 97 225 408 1,800 6,000 1,200 phytoplankton (9,000) flagellates (1,200) ciliates (240) crustacean zooplankton (408) invertebrate carnivores (61) bacteria (322)meiobenthos (19) macrobenthos (49)epifauna (4) pelagic fish (32.6)demersal fish (10) large demersal fish (0.4) natural mortality and fishing

18. Upwelling Areas Shallow Seasonal Inputs Seasonally Steady Mostly New Nutrients Larger Phytoplankton Short Food Chains Clupeid fish High Comm. Fish Yield

19. 2.36.8 64.5 42.75 phytoplankton (150) flagellates (12.9) ciliates (2.6) crustacean zooplankton (9.1) invertebrate carnivores (1.4) pelagic fish (9.3) natural mortality and fishing 42.75

20. Sustainable Catch SFC = Grs.Pop.Growth – Nat.Mortality w/o a Fishery (i.e.F=0), GPG balances NM –otherwise fish vanish, i.e. NM>GPG or –fish take over the planet, i.e. GPG>NM –In virgin fishery GPG ~NM –In early fishery FC+NM ~ GPG –As Pop declines GPG >NM more resources, younger stocks, etc.

22. Maximum Sustainable Yield MSY relative to virgin population ~25%; surely <50% MSY is a TERM, not a TARGET Why? Perturbations; bad info; unknowns Calc MSY ~140Mt > Catch ~90Mt

23. D=$10,000, I=10%/y, Ic=constant, W=$0, Wc=constant YYEBbWWYEBaW 0$11,0000$11,000 1$12,1000$12,100 2$13,3100$13,310 3$14,6410 $14,641 4$16,1050$16,105 5$17,7160 $17,716 6$19,4870 $19,487 7$21,4360 $21,436 8$23,5790 $23,579 9$25,9370 $25,937 10$28,5310 $28,531

24. D=$10,000, I=10%/y, Ic=constant, W=$1000, Wc=constant YYEBbWWYEBaW 0$11,0001000$10,000 1$11,0001000$10,000 2$11,0001000$10,000 3$11,0001000$10,000 4$11,0001000$10,000 5$11,0001000$10,000 6$11,0001000$10,000 7$11,0001000$10,000 8$11,0001000$10,000 9$11,0001000$10,000 10$11,0001000$10,000

25. D=$10,000, I=10%/y, Ic=constant, W=$1000, Wc=fluctuating YYEBbWWYEBaW 0$11,0001000$10,000 1$11,0002000$9,000 1$9,9001000$8,900 2$9,790500 $9,200 3$10,2191000$9,219 4$10,141500 $9,641 5$10,6052000 $8,605 6$9,4651000 $8,465 7$9,3121000 $8,312 8$9,143500 $8,643 9$9,508500 $9,008

26. D=$10,000, I=10%/y, Ic=fluctuating, W=$1000, Wc=constant YYEBbWWYEBaW 0$10,5001000$9,500 1$10,450 1000 $9,450 2$9,6391000$8,639 3$9,5031000 $8,503 4$9,3531000$8,353 5$8,9381000 $7,938 6$8,7321000 $7,732 7$8,5051000 $7,505 8$8,6311000 $7,631 9$8,2411000 $7,241 10$8,1821000 $7,182

27. Unconventional Fisheries Antarctic Krill –NM~400Mt/y; MSY >> 60Mt/y –Variable biomass, distant, shelf life, taste –Krill butter, cheese, sausage, (not high-value) Midwater fish –myctophids, lanternfish, MSY >>110 Mt/y Squid –C~3Mt/y; whales~100Mt/y; MSY~25Mt/y

28. Characteristics of Deep-Sea Habitats benthopelagic

29. Why care? - The Deep-Sea is HUGE! ~70% of the earths surface is covered by the oceans ~90% of this area is water with depths greater than 200 meters The deep-sea is the single largest living place on the planet

30. Deep-sea fisheries are expanding orange roughy rattails (grenadiers) patagonian toothfish (chilean seabass)

31. Counter illumination – the use of bioluminescence to eliminate the ventral shadow