1. 1. What is the chemical equation for PHOTOSYNTHESIS? 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 2. What is the chemical equation for CELLULAR RESPIRATION? C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy

2. CELLULAR RESPIRATION Pages 228 - 237

3. CELLULAR RESPIRATION Converts the food we eat (glucose) into a form of energy that can be used by cells - ATP.

4. How do we get energy out of the foods we eat??? By breaking down sugars/carbohydrates/glucose to release the stored energy.

5. What is Energy? The ability to do work!! Who needs energy? Everyone! All organism! Both plants and animals!

6. Plants and animals use glucose, the product of photosynthesis, for metabolic fuel. True or False : Animals are the only organisms that perform cellular respiration?

7. So both heterotrophs and autotrophs get their energy from glucose? Glucose is a LONG-TERM, energy storing molecule.

8. Glucose

9. CELLULAR RESPIRATION 1.All organisms respire! 2.Cellular respiration is like the reverse reaction of photosynthesis –Products of photosynthesis become the reactants of cellular respiration –Respiration breaks down glucose (Catabolic Rxn.) 3.ATP energy is released –ATP is used for cellular processes like movement of materials, cellular reproduction, protein synthesis, etc. Overview of Respiration

10. CELLULAR RESPIRATION 4. What Organelle is involved in cellular respiration?MITOCHONDRIA Overview of Respiration

11. CELLULAR RESPIRATION Two Types of Cellular Respiration: 1.Aerobic (Requires Oxygen) 2.Anaerobic (No oxygen required) Overview of Respiration

12. CELLULAR RESPIRATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy Ok! Lets look at our Reactants! 1) Glucose 2) Oxygen Wait! You just told me there is a process that does not reqire oxygen?? Overview of Respiration (Aerobic)

13. This is where it gets confusing…… For the purposes of this class, we are going to focus on regular cellular respiration which is aerobic (requires oxygen). However, keep in mind that some simple organisms can only do anaerobic (no oxygen required) cellular respiration.

14. Where do the reactants come from? Glucose - made during Photosynthesis. Oxygen - is in the air.

15. CELLULAR RESPIRATION The formula for aerobic cellular respiration is C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy (ATP) The “word” equation for this is: Cellular Respiration AEROBIC RESPIRATION

16. Aerobic cellular respiration has 3 stages. 1.Glycolysis 2.Krebs cycle 3.Electron Transport Chain, or ETC Cellular Respiration AEROBIC RESPIRATION

17. Glucose is Broken Down Inputs: –1 Glucose –2 ATP Outputs: –2 Pyruvate –2 NADH –2 ATP Net (4 ATP made but 2 used = 2 left) Occurs in the CYTOPLASM Step 1: GLYCOLYSIS

18. Per 1 molecule of glucose and 2 molecules of ATP, how many…. Net # of ATP made? NADPH made? Pyruvate made? Where does pyruvate come from? Where does glycolysis take place?

19. AEROBIC RESPIRATION The step in which pyruvate is broken down Inputs: –2 Pyruvate Outputs: –2 ATP –8 NADH –2 FADH 2 –6 CO 2 Occurs in the mitochondria Step 2: KREB’S CYCLE

21. AEROBIC RESPIRATION Step 2: KREB’S CYCLE

22. Step 3: ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN In this step, the breakdown of Glucose is completed. Inputs: –8 NADH –2 FADH 2 –6 O 2 Outputs: –32 ATP –6 H 2 O Occurs in the mitochondria

23. Step 3: ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

24. The mitochondrial electron transport chain is similar to that used in chloroplasts for photosynthesis. NADH and FADH2 molecules formed during Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle carry their electrons to the electron transport chain. The electron transport chain creates a proton gradient that ultimately leads to the production of a large amount of ATP. Animation

25. WOW! MY BRAIN HURTS!

26. Maybe a Video Will Help http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00jbG_cf GuQ

27. Summary of Aerobic Respiration Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate. 2 ATP Made Pyruvate is further broken down in the Kreb’s Cycle. 2 ATP Made The electron transport chain finishes breaking down glucose and makes 32 ATP CO 2 and Oxygen are wastes (or byproducts). C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP 36 ATP MADE TOTAL

28. Cellular Respiration 2 36

29. Where does Glycolysis take place? Glycolysis

30. What does Glycolysis require?

31. What is step 2 of cellular respiration? Glycolysis

32. Where does the Krebs Cycle take place? Glycolysis

33. What does the Krebs Cycle Make?

34. What does the ETC Use?

35. What does the ETC Make?

36. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Cellular respiration when oxygen is NOT present is called

37. ANAEROBIC- NO OXYGEN!! Some cells can function for a little while without oxygen. Other Cells may go their entire life without oxygen. But they still need ENERGY!!

38. CELLULAR RESPIRATION Can release energy when oxygen is not present but... It’s far less efficient. Begins with glycolysis followed by fermentation. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

39. Same as Before: Glucose is Broken Down Inputs: –Glucose –2 ATP Outputs: –2 Pyruvate –2 NADH –4 ATP Occurs in the CYTOPLASM Step 1: GLYCOLYSIS

40. Special Note: Glycolysis can produce thousands of ATP molecules in milliseconds. But quickly fills all available NAD+ (electron carriers) with electrons and the process stops, so it’s only good for short-term energy.

41. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION 1.Type of anaerobic respiration that releases energy without oxygen 2.If oxygen is not present, the next step is either a.Lactic acid fermentation b.Alcoholic fermentation Step 2: FERMENTATION

42. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Lactic Acid Fermentation –Converts pyruvic acid into lactic acid and CO 2 –Responsible for food production using microbes (Swiss cheese) –Causes muscle fatigue/burning Step 2: FERMENTATION

43. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Alcoholic Fermentation –Converts pyruvic acid into alcohol and CO 2 –Responsible for food production using microbes (sourdough bread) Step 2: FERMENTATION

44. 0 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP + alcohol or lactic acid Summary Of Fermentation Glycolysis  Fermentation

45. Advantage of Aerobic Respiration Yields 66% more energy 36 net ATP That’s nearly 20 times more ATP than glycolysis alone.

46. Energy Yield without oxygen Glycolysis  2 ATP Fermentation  + 2 ATP = 4 net ATP (that’s 32 less ATP than aerobic respiration)

47. A. to make ATP B. to process H 2 O C. to store glucose D. to deliver oxygen What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration? Cellular Energy 8.3 Formative Questions Chapter 8

48. Which represents the general sequence of cellular respiration? Cellular Energy A. TCA cycle chemiosmosis glycolysis B. glycolysis Krebs cycle electron transport fermentation D. aerobic pathway anaerobic pathway 8.3 Formative Questions C. electron absorption catalysis phosphorylation Chapter 8

49. A. glycolysis B. Krebs cycle C. electron transport Which stage of cellular respiration is the anaerobic process? Cellular Energy 8.3 Formative Questions Chapter 8

50. A. CoA B. CO 2 C. FADH 2 D. NADH Which molecule generated by the Krebs cycle is a waste product? Cellular Energy 8.3 Formative Questions Chapter 8

51. What prevents pyruvate from entering the Krebs cycle and instead results in this pathway? Cellular Energy A. a buildup of CO 2 B. a lack of oxygen Standardized Test Practice Chapter 8 C. an excess of glucose D. an increased demand for ATP