2. Drill 1.What are some differences between the liquids used in the investigation? 2.Using the terms isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic, explain the changes in mass of the 2 eggs. 3.Would you expect the same results if you used eggs that were still in their shells?

3. -Balloons and Biology -Introduction: Respiration -Lab Report-10 minutes Objectives

4. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

5. Outline I. Cellular Respiration A. Introduction B. Reactions (Anaerobic and Aerobic) II. Photosynthesis A. Introduction B. Reactions

6. LAB DEMO Test tube 1: warm water, sugar & yeast Test tube 2: warm water & yeast Cover the opening of the test tube with a balloon and shake it vigorously. Observe any changes in the test tubes and balloons. http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/NGS/Shared/StaticFiles/Photography/Images/POD/m /micro-yeast-522314-sw.jpg

7. CELLULAR RESPIRATION Pick a color C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy

9. Glycolysis To the electron transport chain 2 ADP 2 ATP Glucose 2 molecules of pyruvate 2 molecules of G3P 2 ADP 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 ATP NAD + NADH NAD + NADH Occurs in the cytoplasm Begins both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. A 10 step process. Requires an input of energy to initiate the reaction. Adapted from Glycolysis © Pearson Education, Inc.

10. What is ATP?

11. -Adenosine Triphosphate -Energy used by all cells -Organic molecules containing high- energy phosphate bonds

12. HYDROLYSIS (Adding H 2 O) H2OH2O Copyright Cmassengale

13. Break bonds…..ENERGY! An Enzyme! Copyright Cmassengale

14. Remaking ATP ATP Synthetase- an enzyme that builds ATP from ADP Copyright Cmassengale

15. The ADP-ATP Cycle ATP-ase ATP Synthetase Copyright Cmassengale

16. Structure of a Mitochondria Inner membrane Inner membrane Composed of folds or shelves called cristae. The electron transport chain occurs along the cristae. Outer membrane Outer membrane Intermembrane space Intermembrane space Gel filled space between the outer and inner membrane Matrix Matrix Gel-like fluid inside the inner membrane Inner membrane Inner membrane Composed of folds or shelves called cristae. The electron transport chain occurs along the cristae. Outer membrane Outer membrane Intermembrane space Intermembrane space Gel filled space between the outer and inner membrane Matrix Matrix Gel-like fluid inside the inner membrane

17. Cell Respiration Occurs in Cytoplasm Occurs in Matrix Occurs across Cristae Copyright Cmassengale

18. An overview of cellular respiration Figure 9.6 Electrons carried via NADH Glycolsis Glucose Pyruvate ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Electrons carried via NADH and FADH 2 Citri c acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation Mitochondrion Cytosol

19. When you exercise, your body uses oxygen to get energy from glucose, a 6-carbon sugar 1. How does your body feel at the start of exercise, such as a long slow run? How do you feel 1 minute into the run; 10 minutes into the run? 2. What do you think is happening in your cells to cause the changes in how you feel? 3. Have you ever had a stomach cramp while exercising? Think about what was happening when that occurred.

20. Glycolysis To the electron transport chain 2 ADP 2 ATP Glucose 2 molecules of pyruvate 2 molecules of G3P 2 ADP 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 ATP NAD + NADH NAD + NADH Occurs in the cytoplasm Begins both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. A 10 step process. Requires an input of energy to initiate the reaction. Adapted from Glycolysis © Pearson Education, Inc.

21. Cellular Respiration: GLYCOLYSIS – Reactions to hydrolyze a 6-C glucose molecule into two 3-C molecules called pyruvate/pyruvic acid – All organisms from simple bacteria to humans perform it the same way – Cytoplasm & Anaerobic *Input: 2 ATP molecules * Yield: 2 ATP molecules/ glucose molecule *Yield: 2 NADH/ glucose molecule

22. Produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA and CO 2 is removed

24. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Some organisms thrive in little or no oxygen – Marshes, bogs, gut of animals, sewage treatment ponds No more ATP : final steps in these pathways serve ONLY to regenerate NAD+ so it can return to pick up more electrons and hydrogens in glycolysis. Produces: ethanol and CO 2 (single cell fungi (yeast) in beer/bread) or lactic acid (muscle cells)

25. Fermentation  Occurs when O 2 NOT present (anaerobic)  Called Lactic Acid fermentation in muscle cells (makes muscles tired)  Called Alcoholic fermentation in yeast (produces ethanol)  Nets only 2 ATP Copyright Copyright Cmassengale

26. Fermentation

28. WHIP AROUND Stand up with a partner, back to back, with both individuals easily viewing the board

29. True or False Glucose and oxygen are the reactants of cellular respiration

30. True or False Photosynthesis takes place in the mitochondrial matrix

31. True or False Fermentation yields only 2 ATP

32. True or False The Krebs cycle yields 2 pyruvic acid

33. True or False Aerobic respiration is the most efficient manner of energy production

36. 1.When ATP is recharged, that means that a ___________ is being added onto _______. 2.When ATP is spent or used, that means that a ___________ is taken off of ______ _. 3. _________can be compared to a fully-charged battery _________can be compared to a run-down battery. 4. Energy is stored for use by cells in ATP molecules. What is the source of that energy?

37. Wednesday February 2, 2011 1) Review and collect yeast problem 2) Aerobic respiration-Krebs cycle 3) Quiz: Monday 4) HW: posted online Read pg 220-227 pg 237 q. 1-10, 12-13-14-15

39. Aerobic Cellular Respiration Oxygen required=aerobic Oxygen required=aerobic 2 more sets of reactions which occur in a specialized structure within the cell called the mitochondria 2 more sets of reactions which occur in a specialized structure within the cell called the mitochondria 1. Kreb’s Cycle 1. Kreb’s Cycle 2. Electron Transport Chain 2. Electron Transport Chain

40. Kreb’s Cycle Completes the breakdown of glucose Completes the breakdown of glucose Takes the pyruvate (3-carbons) and breaks it down, the carbon and oxygen atoms end up in CO 2 and H 2 O Takes the pyruvate (3-carbons) and breaks it down, the carbon and oxygen atoms end up in CO 2 and H 2 O Hydrogens and electrons are stripped and loaded onto NAD + and FAD to produce NADH and FADH2 Hydrogens and electrons are stripped and loaded onto NAD + and FAD to produce NADH and FADH2 Production of only 2 more ATP but loads up the coenzymes with H + and electrons which move to the 3 rd stage Production of only 2 more ATP but loads up the coenzymes with H + and electrons which move to the 3 rd stage

42. Krebs Cycle

43. Electron Transport Chain Electron carriers loaded with electrons and protons from the Kreb’s cycle move to this chain-like a series of steps (staircase). Electron carriers loaded with electrons and protons from the Kreb’s cycle move to this chain-like a series of steps (staircase). As electrons drop down stairs, energy released to form a total of 32 ATP As electrons drop down stairs, energy released to form a total of 32 ATP Oxygen waits at bottom of staircase, picks up electrons and protons and in doing so becomes water Oxygen waits at bottom of staircase, picks up electrons and protons and in doing so becomes water

44. Electron Transport Figure 8.14 Electron transport occurs along the mitochondrial membrane.

46. Energy Tally 36 ATP for aerobic vs. 2 ATP for anaerobic 36 ATP for aerobic vs. 2 ATP for anaerobic Glycolysis 2 ATP Glycolysis 2 ATP Kreb’s 2 ATP Kreb’s 2 ATP Electron Transport32 ATP Electron Transport32 ATP 36 ATP 36 ATP Anaerobic organisms can’t be too energetic but are important for global recycling of carbon Anaerobic organisms can’t be too energetic but are important for global recycling of carbon

49. A Summary of Glycolysis Process Where in the cell does this process occur? What are the reactants of this process? What are the products of this process? How many ATP are generated? Glycolysis Net of 2 ATP 2 ADP 4 ATP 2 NADH 2 pyruvate Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) 2 ATP 4 ADP 2 NAD + Cytoplasm 4 4

50. A Summary of the Krebs Cycle Process Where in the cell does this process occur? What are the reactants of this process? What are the products of this process? How many ATP are generated? Krebs Cycle 2 ATP 8 NADH 6 CO 2 2 FADH 2 2 pyruvate 2 ADP 2 FAD 8 NAD + Mitochondria Matrix

51. A Summary of Electron Transport Process Where in the cell does this process occur? What are the reactants of this process? What are the products of this process? How many ATP are generated? Electron Transport 32 ATP 10 NAD + 6 H 2 O 2 FAD 2 FADH 2 32 ADP 10 NADH 6 O 2 Inner Membrane of the Mitochondria

52. A Summary of Cellular Respiration Process Where in the cell does this process occur? What are the reactants of this process? What are the products of this process? How many ATP are generated? GlycolysisCytoplasm Krebs Cycle Mitochondrial Matrix Electron Transport Inner Membrane of the Mitochondria 32 ATP 10 NAD + 6 H 2 O 2 FAD 2 FADH 2 32 ADP 10 NADH 6 O2 Glucose 2 ADP 2 NAD + 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 pyruvate 2 ADP 2 FAD 8 NAD + 2 ATP 8 NADH 6 CO 2 2 FADH 2 + +