1. How do humans get the energy they need to do cellular work!

2. Examples of Cellular Work

3. An analogy of energy in living things Which is glycogen? Glucose? ATP? Which one is most useful if you want to get a gumball?

4. A word about ATP You cannot eat ATP!!! ATP is not found in your blood (at least not in any large amount) ATP must be made by individual cell’s where it is needed!

5. ATP vs. ADP

6. So how do your individual cells get what they need? They need: Glucose & Oxygen They need to get rid of: Water and Carbon Dioxide They need: – Respiratory System – Circulatory System

7. Respiratory Systems Help organisms get gases into their bodies Must be moist—take O 2 from either water or air.

8. Human Respiratory System Organization

9. Negative Pressure Breathing Inhalation – Think band or chorus—sit up straight! Exhalation – Think of Heimlich maneuver What would happen if there was a hole in your lungs?

10. Why do you breathe? Brain stem—pons Receptors respond to increase in CO 2 concentration Tell diaphragm to contract.

11. Structure Meets Function

12. Circulatory System Transport of materials to and from cells.

13. Organization of the Heart Left vs. Right Atria vs. Ventricle Role of Valves

14. Organization of Blood Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Platelets

15. Organization of Blood Thymus-Maturation of T-cells. A “lymph node” Spleen-Breakdown of old RBC’s

16. What controls your heartbeat? Pacemaker Systole—Contraction of heart chambers (higher pressure Diastole—Filling of heart chambers (lower pressure)

17. Structure Meets Function

18. Hemoglobin – 4 “hemes” (iron) bind O 2 – Changes shape when pH is lowered – Does not bind CO 2 well; binds CO very strongly.

19. How does CO 2 travel? CO 2 combines with water and forms carbonic acid. Lots of CO 2 formed in exercise can lower blood pH from 7.4 to 7.2. Helps hemoglobin release O 2 at body’s tissues.

20. Formative Assessments Structure Meets Function Organization—what links the two systems!!!

21. Cellular Respiration http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/2 9543-assignment-discovery-cellular- respiration-video.htm http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/2 9543-assignment-discovery-cellular- respiration-video.htm From the video you should determine: – Where does cellular respiration happen? – What are the main steps in the process?

22. What do the materials do when they get to the body’s cells?

23. Aerobic Cellular Respiration PartWhere?ReactantsProductsAmount of ATP Produced Key Role in the Process Glycolysis Krebs Electron Transport Chain

24. Glycolysis What is happening to glucose? Why is energy needed to make energy?

25. Krebs Cycle How many times per glucose? How many ATP per glucose? What waste product is given off? What happens to FAD and NAD+?

26. Electron carriers are the link Reduced by gaining electons from hydrogen. Bring electrons from Krebs to the Electron transport chain

27. Electron Transport Chain Electron transport chain: – NADH and FADH2 source of electrons. – Electrons passed from protein to protein. – H+ (protons) build up on one side of the membrane – When H+ fall through ATP synthase, ATP is produced – Must have O 2 to flow.

28. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning How does carbon monoxide poisoning cause you to pass out and eventually die? 1. Colorless odor less gas breathed in. 2. Enters alveoli and binds hemoglobin 200X stronger than oxygen 3. Makes it to the cells. 4. Electron transport chain shuts down. 5. ATP production ceases. 6. If CO is not replaced with O2 over time mitochondria will self-destruct.

29. Prevention and Treatment Hyperbaric oxygen chamber

30. What if there is no oxygen? Glycolysis ONLY produces ATP! “anaerobic” respiration – To return NADH to NAD+: Alcoholic fermentation – Pyruvate  Ethyl alcohol and CO2 Lactic acid fermentation – Pyruvate  Lactic Acid

31. Unity and Diversity Which is more efficient at getting ATP from glucose? Aerobic Respiration or Fermentation What types of organisms can get enough energy from fermentation? What type of fermentation can humans do? When do you think this happens? Does it work long term?

33. Lactic Acid Fermentation When would Michael Phelps use lactic acid fermentation? When would his muscles need to rely on aerobic respiration? Why would most runners/swimmers be better at either endurance or sprinting and not both?

34. Formative Assessment Respiration is a misleading term. Respiration could mean: – Anaerobic Respiration – Aerobic Respiration – Human Respiration Explain how even though these are different things, they are all happening in the body of a world-class sprinter as he/she races for the finish line. Use these ideas to help form the intro to your lab!