1. Bird Adaptations for Flight

2. Covering of the wings are light smooth feathers 1.Reduces the force of weight 2.Reduces the force of drag

3. Have beaks instead of boney jaws and teeth 1.Reduces the force of weight

4. All flying birds have an enlarged breastbone called a sternum for flight muscle attachment 1.Aids in the force of thrust

5. The bodies of birds are streamlined 1.Reduces the force of drag

6. Light bones. Filled with air sacs and thin, tiny crosspieces to make bones stronger 1.Reduces the force of weight

7. Rigid skeleton to provide firm attachments for powerful flight muscles. 1.Aids in the force of thrust

8. Planes have similar lightweight, streamlined, rigid structures for flight

9. Flight styles Maneuverability - wren, stunt plane Speed - falcon, fighter jet Carrying loads - pelican, cargo plane Soaring - condor, glider

10. Lift Speed Shape of the wing wing area bernoulli effect coanda effect Angle of attack Newton’s third law of motion

11. Wing area Increased speed along a larger wing area creates a longer path of air reducing air pressure creating more lift Larger wings produce greater lift than smaller wings. To compensate, smaller wing birds/planes need to fly faster to maintain the same lift as larger wings going faster

12. Question – A light glider with large wings. Does it have to go fast or slow for lift? Question – A heavier jet with small wings. Does it have to go fast or slow for lift?

13. How can you tell how fast a bird/plane must fly to maintain lift? By WING LOADING. – divide the weight by the wing area

14. A smaller wing load number tells you the bird/plane can fly slower while still maintaining lift. Do thinking lab page 737

15. A smaller wing load number tells you the bird/plane is more maneuverable.

16. Aspect ratio Found by dividing wingspan by average width. Wings with high aspect ratios have greater lift and less drag. Low aspect ratio wings can turn more quickly and are more maneuverable.

17. Obtaining thrust Gravity Flapping wings 1. Gliding 2. Fast forward flight 3. Slow forward flight 4. Combination of the three Running

18. Gliding Birds with high aspect ratio can glide or soar almost motionless. They generally nest high on trees or ledges. And begin their thrust by jumping from their ledge.

19. Gliding continued Ex: going down a ramp – gravity gives the forward thrust To stay up for a long time, the angle between flight path and horizontal ground must be small, which reduces thrust. So drag force must be small. Hence, long skinny wings have high aspect ratio.

20. Fast Forward Slow Forward Flight Flight Wings move up and down Larger birds Slow moving wings Page 746 Wings move from side to side Smaller birds Fast moving wings Page 747

21. Combination Most birds go between gliding and fast forward Larger birds – gliding, fast forward Smaller birds – gliding, slow forward Take off – slow forward Flight – combination Landing – gliding, slow forward

22. Obtaining height Bernoulli, coanda, speed, angle of attack Thermals – upward flowing wind by convectional currents Updrafts – land features pushes up wind