1. 6 th Grade World History

2. The Early Greeks  Essential Question: How did geography play a part in the development of Greek city-states?

4. The Geography of Greece  Peninsula Fishers, sailors, traders  Mild Climate Farming  Mountainous Early Greek communities were very independent A lack of unity always existed among Greek city-states

5. The Minoans  Island of Crete  Earned their living by building ships and trading Pottery, ivory and metals  1450 B.C.E. Civilization collapsed Undersea earthquakes? Invaded by the Mycenaeans?

6. Palace at Knossos

7. Mycenaean Kingdoms  Ruler lived in a fortified palace on a hill Surrounded by giant stone walls  Beyond palace walls were farms and estates of the nobles Slaves and farmers lived on and worked the estates

8. Mycenaean Palaces  Lots of activity Artisans Bronze workers Government officials Wheat, livestock and honey collected as taxes  Power from trade and war

9. Dark Age  1200 B.C.E. – Earthquakes and fighting destroyed hill top forts  Trade slowed  Poverty  Written language disappeared  Many skills were lost

10. A Move to Colonize  700 B.C.E. Greece moved out of the Dark Age and population grows Not enough food to feed everyone People sent outside of Greece to form colonies ○ Greek culture spreads

12. The Polis  City-State town/city and surrounding countryside run like an independent country  Acropolis Fortified area for protection Religious center Agora: meeting and market place

14. Citizenship Duty to fight as a soldier to defend your city state Duty to serve in the government Right to defend themselves in court Right to own property Right to hold public office Right to vote Gather in the agora to choose officials Gather in the agora to pass laws Citizenship (Usually native born men who own property)

15. Citizens as Soldiers  Fought on foot  Heavily armed Round shield Short sword 9 foot spear

16. Making Connections  1. What changes occurred in Greece during the Dark Age?  2. Name three rights granted to Greek citizens that Americans citizens have today.  3. Answer the Essential Question: How did geography play a part in the development of Greek city-states?

17. Sparta and Athens  Essential Question: What major differences existed between Sparta and Athens?

18. Tyranny in the City-States  Farmers, artisans and merchants were unhappy that they had no say in running the polis They did not own property  Growing unhappiness led to rise of tyrants Able to overthrow nobles with support of common people  Most city-states eventually became oligarchies or democracies

19. Sparta  Government firmly controlled the people Trained boys and men for war Afraid slaves would rebel

20. Spartan Military  Boys left family at age 7 – treated harshly  Entered regular army at age 20 for 10 years  Returned home at age 30 but remained in military until age 60

21. Women in Sparta  Girls trained in running, wrestling and javelin throwing  Could own property and go where they wanted  Freer than other Greek women

22. Sparta’s Government  Oligarchy 2 kings headed a council of elders 28 citizens over age 60 made up the council All men over age of 30 belong to the assembly Assembly votes for 5 ephors each year ○ Enforce laws, collect taxes

23. Spartan Culture  Discouraged foreign visitors  Banned travel abroad for any reason other than military ones  Frowned upon citizens who studied literature or the arts  Fell behind other Greeks in trade

24. Athens  High value on well rounded education  Boys finished school and became citizens at 18  Athenian girls stayed at home to learn household duties  Wealthy families taught girls to read, write and play the lyre

25. Athenian Government  Originally an oligarchy Athenians rebelled against the nobles  Solon Man who both sides trusted Allowed all male citizens to participate in the assembly and law courts Council of 400 men wrote the laws  Peisistratus Seized power in 560 B.C.E. Tyrant to forgave debts and money to the poor

26. Democracy  Council to help carry out daily business Proposed laws Dealt with foreign countries Oversaw the treasury  Non citizens could not participate in government Women Foreign born men Slaves

27. Making Connections  1. Answer the Essential Question: What major differences existed between Sparta and Athens?

28. Persia Attacks the Greeks  Essential Question: How were the Greek city-states able to force the Persian Empire out of Greece?

29. Persian Empire

30. The Persian Empire  Modern day Iran  Cyrus the Great captured Babylon in 539 B.C.E. and kept going Merciful rule and extensive road system kept the empire together  Skilled career soldiers

31. The Persian Wars  King Darius felt the Greeks were interfering with the Persian Empire  Battle of Marathon Athens defeated the Persians Pheidippides ran 25 miles to the center of Athens to tell of their victory

32. Persia Attacks Again  King Xerxes invades Greece again but with greater force  Greeks joined forces Sparta sent soldiers under King Leonidas Athens sent navy Plan to block the Persian army off from their supply line at Thermopolye A traitor led the Persian army around the Greeks who were soon defeated  Persians burned Athens  United Greek city-states finally crushed the Persians who retreated from Greece

33. Fall of the Persian Empire  Weakened by the Greeks  Internal problems High taxes Greed of kings Rebellions Many sons of the King each wanted power  Alexander the Great took over the weakened empire

34. Making Connections  1. What led to the fall of the Persian Empire?  2. Answer the Essential Question: How were the Greek city-states able to force the Persian empire out of Greece?

35. The Age of Pericles  Essential Question: In what ways did Pericles make Athens more democratic?

36. The Athenian Empire  Gradually, the Athenians gained control of neighboring city-states Athenians sent troops to help city-states rebel against the nobles in power

37. Democracy in Athens  Direct Democracy Every citizen can vote firsthand on laws and policies  Assembly Passed laws Elected officials Made decisions on war Conducted foreign affairs

38. Pericles  Leading figure in Athenian politics  Treated other city-states like subjects  Made Athens more democratic Believed people’s talents were more important than their social standing More Athenians than ever before were involved in government  Culture flourished Temples and statues Philosophers The Arts Academics

39. Life in Athens  Slavery was common  Farmers and herders Also imported food  Merchants and artisans Made and sold jewelry, pottery, leather goods

40. Athenian Men  Worked in the morning  Often attended meetings of the assembly in the evening  All male gatherings to relax and discuss politics and philosophy

41. Athenian Women  Home and family  Lower class women Worked in fields with husbands or sell goods in the agora  Upper class women Could not leave the house without a male escort Supervised household servants Responsible for spinning, dyeing and weaving  No property or political rights

42. The Peloponnesian War  Sparta and Athens went to war for control of Greece Neither city-state trusted or understood the other  Pericles Funeral Oration Reminded Athenians of their duties as citizens and the power of democracy Gave them the strength to keep fighting  Athens is defeated by Sparta with the help of allies including the Persians

43. Effects of the Peloponnesian War  Weakened all major Greek city-states  Many lives lost  Farms destroyed  Jobs lost  Continued fighting among Greek city- states Failure to notice growing kingdom of Macedonia to the North

44. Making Connections  1. What were the causes and effects of the Peloponnesian War?  2. Answer the Essential Question: What is democracy? In what ways did Pericles make Athens more democratic?