1. Earth’s Resources Chapter 4

2. Energy and Mineral Resources Section 1

3. Renewable and Non- Renewable Resources A resource is any material that can be utilized There are two types of resources: renewable and nonrenewable A renewable resource is one which can be replenished over a relatively short period of time, such as months, years, or decades A nonrenewable resource is one that takes millions of years to form and accumulate

4. Examples of Renewable Resources Plants Animals Natural Fibers Water Wind Sun Air

5. Examples of Nonrenewable resources Fossil fuels Rocks and minerals Radioactive fuel

6. Fossil Fuels Nearly 90% of all energy in the United States comes from fossil fuels A fossil fuel is any hydrocarbon (what elements make up hydrocarbons?) that may be used as a source of energy Fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas

7. Coal Coal is either a sedimentary (or sometimes metamorphic) rock that forms from plant material over millions of years In olden times, coal was used to heat individual houses Nowadays, coal is mainly used in power plants to generate electricity 70% of all coal mined today is used in power plants

8. Coal is a plentiful resource, however its use and recovery present certain problems Coal is nonrenewable and if being used faster than it is being replaced The surface mining for coal leaves the landscape scarred Underground mining doesn’t scar the land, but is more dangerous for the miners The burning of coal releases sulfur, which causes pollution issues

9. US coal deposits

10. Formation of coal

11. Surface, or strip, mining

12. Underground mine collapse

13. Sulfur causes air pollution

14. Cleopatra’s Needle shows the effects of acid rain

15. Petroleum and Natural Gas Petroleum is another name for oil Oil forms when the remains of plant and animal matter was buried in ancient seas Over millions of years, chemical reactions occur and some of the organic material is turned into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons which we call petroleum and natural gas

16. Formation of oil and natural gas

17. Sometimes, oil and gas get trapped underground

18. Untapped oil resources in the US

19. Tar Sands and Oil Shale Some people think that tar sands and oil shale could be a suitable substitute for petroleum resources

20. Tar Sands A tar sand is a mixture of clay, sand, water, and a black thick tar (called bitumen) Bitumen is similar to crude oil, however it is thicker, so it cannot be pumped like petroleum Tar sands must be strip mined, then refined, so that only the bitumen remains The refining of tar sand takes almost half as much energy as is yielded by the product

21. Tar sand

22. Tar sand deposits in the Canadian province of Alberta

23. Oil Shale Oil shale is a rock that is rich in a substance called kerogen Oil shale is mined, and the kerogen is removed by vaporization The kerogen vapor is then refined to remove impurities before use

24. Oil shale

25. Oil shale deposits

26. Formation of Mineral Deposits Nearly all manufactured items come from minerals A mineral reserve is a mineral deposit in which the mineral can be extracted profitably Mineral deposits typically occur as an ore An ore is a type of rock that contains important minerals or elements, including metals

27. Some minerals occur in very small concentrations, or in very few locations throughout the world For example, copper only makes up about 0.0135% of Earths crust. However, a material must have at least 6.5% copper to be considered copper ore The reason for this uneven distribution of minerals can be credited to the rock cycle

28. Some minerals only occur in certain areas because of the way the minerals are formed When magma cools, it deposits certain minerals Typically, the conditions must be just right for a certain mineral to form while magma cools. Therefore, the conditions only happen to be right in a few places Mineral Resources and Igneous Processes

29. Hydrothermal Solutions In some places, minerals form because the exact chemical reaction needed to form them happens due to hydrothermal solutions These chemical reactions occur in very small areas

30. Placer Deposits If an ore is eroded, sometimes the mineral is left behind in a river, etc. The minerals are carried until they are deposited. The minerals then settle together Placer deposits typically occur with heavier, chemically resistant minerals

31. Placer deposits

32. Nonmetallic Mineral Resources Nonmetallic mineral resources are extracted and processed either for the nonmetallic elements they contain or for their physical properties Fluorite, limestone are used for fertilizers and steelmaking Nonmetallic mineral resources tend to be used for industrial purposes One drawback is that industrial minerals are less plentiful than building resources

33. Alternate Energy Sources Section 2

34. Solar Energy Solar energy is the collection and use of the sun’s rays to supply heat or electricity Solar energy has two big advantages: the source of the energy is free and it is nonpolluting

35. Passive solar energy systems do not move They include south facing windows, where sunshine is most abundant, that the rays pass through and the energy is absorbed by objects inside, which in turn radiate the heat back out

36. Passive solar design

37. Other solar energy systems include an active solar energy collector. These collect heat energy from the sun and transfer it to circulated air or through piping

38. Active solar heating

39. Another system is one in which photovoltaic cells (solar panels) convert the suns energy directly into electricity

40. Solar cells being used to generate electricity

41. What are some drawbacks of using solar energy?

42. Nuclear energy accounts for about 7% of the energy in the United States Nuclear energy relies on radioactive materials for their fuel When a radioactive element undergoes nuclear fission, energy is released Nuclear fission is where the nucleus of heavy atoms are split into smaller nuclei. This process emits neutrons and heat energy Nuclear Energy

43. Nuclear Fission

44. A fission chain reaction

45. In nuclear power plants, fission chain reactions are being controlled to prevent an explosion

46. Nuclear reactor

47. The energy released from a nuclear fission reaction is used to produce steam, which powers a turbine A turbine is an electrical generator that when turned, creates electricity

48. Nuclear power

50. BENEFITS Only steam is released into the atmosphere Relatively cheap Efficient DISADVANTAGES Radioactive waste Security Safety concerns

51. Chernobyl disaster

52. Wind Energy Wind power is a system in which turbines are used to turn the winds power into electricity There is a lot of promise in wind energy, but improvements need to be made before widespread wind power is a reality More efficient turbines, reduced noise pollution, land area needs for the turbines

53. Wind farms

54. Hydroelectric Power Water carries a tremendous amount of energy - especially falling water In order to harness hydroelectric power on a large scale, a dam must be built The water stored behind the dam can be released or slowed to increase or decrease the amount of power

55. Water wheel

57. Fontana dam

60. Dams are only viable for 50-300 years because sediments build up behind the dam, eventually rendering it useless

61. Geothermal energy is harnessed by using natural underground pockets of steam and/or hot water The steam/hot water is used to directly heat and to turn turbines to generate electricity Geothermal energy is common in areas with current or recent volcanic activity Geothermal Energy

62. Geothermal energy is a clean energy source However, it can be used up if the “hot spot” is completely drained. They cannot be recharged

63. A geyser is a natural example of how much energy is contained in geothermal hot spots

64. Geothermal energy

65. Tidal Power Tidal power is harnessed by building a dam across an enclosed body of water influenced by tides. The force of the water during tidal changes powers turbines to produce electricity

66. Tidal Power

67. Water, Air, and Land Resources Section 3

68. The Water Planet Water covers about 71% of Earth’s surface Most of this water is salt water, the currents of which help regulate Earth’s climate Ocean water also plays a pivotal part in the water cycle and provides a habitat for marine life However, people rely on fresh water for survival We use fresh water for drinking, cooking, bathing, and plant growth

69. Freshwater Pollution Pollution contaminates our fresh water supply and can make it unsafe for use There are two types of sources for freshwater pollution: point source pollution and nonpoint source pollution

70. Point source pollution comes from a known and specific location, like a factory that dumps its waste from a pipe Nonpoint source pollution does not have a specific point of origin. The most common nonpoint source of pollution is runoff Runoff is water that flows over land, picks up pollution, and carries it into the water supply It is difficult to pinpoint exactly where the water picked up the pollutants. They could come from a road, or a farm, or a mine, etc.

71. Point source pollution

72. Nonpoint source pollution

73. Earth’s Blankey of Air Earth’s atmosphere is mainly composed of nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, and small amounts of other gases The composition of the atmosphere helps maintain life on Earth in several different ways

74. The atmosphere provides the oxygen in which we breath It provides nutrients for several other organisms Harmful solar radiation is filtered out by the atmosphere It helps to provide a livable temperature at Earth’s surface

75. Pollution can change the chemical makeup of the atmosphere, which alters the natural cycles that occur Fossil-fuels generate a majority of the air pollution when they are burned to create energy Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, soot, and other pollutants are released Sometimes, these pollutants can form smog, a mixture of smoke and fog Sometimes, these pollutants can form acid precipitation Pollution in the Air

76. The burning of fossil fuels also releases carbon dioxide, normally an important greenhouse gas However, too much carbon dioxide alters the carbon cycle The increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has trapped more heat, a process known as global warming Global warming could lead to melting glaciers and ice caps, rising sea level, and coastal flooding

77. Melting glaciers in Greenland

78. Land Resources Land provides soil and forests, as well as mineral and energy resources Soil is needed for agricultural growing Forests provide trees for lumber and paper Minerals are used for coins

79. Damage to Land Resources Mines are essential because they produce many resources that are necessities However, it can destroy vegetation, pollute soil and water, and destroy ecosystems Agriculture, tree removal, and garbage dumps all impact and can harm the land

80. Coal mining sludge

81. Deforestation in the Amazon rainforest

82. Protecting Resources Section 4

83. Conservation Each year, we produce billions of pounds of trash that is simply thrown out In the United States lives only 6% of the world’s population. However, Americans use about 1/3 of the worlds resources and produce about 1/3 of the worlds garbage Some people think conservation and prevention is the answer Conservation is the careful use of resources (think the 3 R’s)

84. Keeping Water Clean and Safe In the 1970’s the government passed two legislative acts in order to reduce pollution and keep water clean 1972 - the Clean Water Act required industries to reduce or eliminate point source pollution 1974 - the Safe Drinking Water Act set a maximum level of pollutants that water could contain and still be safely consumed

85. The Cuyahoga River in Cleveland was so polluted, that it has caught fire several times. This image is from 1952

86. Protecting the Air In 1970, the Clean Air Act was passed by Congress The Clean Air Act established a criteria for what constituted pollution Today, power plants and automobiles use pollution control devices to reduce certain products of fossil fuel combustion

87. LA with pollution

88. LA without pollution

89. Caring for Land Resources Farmers can use soil conservation techniques, such as crop rotation and strip cropping Forestry can be conserved through selective cutting as opposed to clear cutting Natural fertilizers and pesticides can be used over inorganic fertilizers and pesticides (compost is an example of a natural fertilizer) Recycling can help reduce the waste that accumulates in landfills