1. Interrupts Microprocessor and Interfacing 261313

2. Example: Writing a Game Need to Check Keyboard Input

3. Method 1: Using a Loop Program keeps checking for keyboard input While (1) [ If Key = Right Then moveRight ElseIf Key = Left Then moveLeft End If ]

4. Mothod II: Use KeyPress Event Runs only when there is a keyboard interrupt KeyPressEvent(Key) If Key = Left Then MoveLeft ElseIf Key = Right Then MoveRight End If End Subroutine

5. WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN METHOD I - METHOD II ?

6. Method I : Software Polling Method II : Event or Interrupt Driven

7. I/O Handling Techniques Software Polling Interrupts Direct Memory Access (DMA)

8. Benefits of Using Interrupts Consumes much less CPU  Especially when interrupt generated by hardware Cleaner & Simpler Code Allows Basic Parallel Processing

9. Exercise: Program a PIC Microcontroller Blink an LED every 0.5 sec Also receives serial data from the computer Available Commands  Getchar() – wait and return serial data  Output_toggle(LED)  Time() – returns current time (in ms)  Kbhit() – returns true if serial data is available

10. Solution Software Polling Int currentTime; Char data; startTime = time(); While (1) { if (time() – startTime > 500) { output_toggle(LED); startTime = time(); } if (kbhit()) { data = getchar(); }

11. Same Program with Timer Interrupt timerISR() { output_toggle(LED); } Main() { setupTimer(); while (1) { data = getchar(); }

12. Interrupt Handling

13. Multi-Interrupt Handling

14. Interrupt on the PIC16

15. Available Interrupts INT Pin Interrupt (external interrupt) TMR0 Overflow Interrupt PORTB Change Interrupt (pins RB7:RB4) Comparator Change Interrupt Parallel Slave Port Interrupt USART Interrupts Receive Interrupt Transmit Interrupt A/D Conversion Complete Interrupt LCD Interrupt. Data EEPROM Write Complete Interrupt Timer1 Overflow Interrupt Timer2 Overflow Interrupt CCP Interrupt SSP Interrupt

16. Interrupts on the PIC

18. #INT_RBvoid rb_isr(void) { /// interrupt code } Void main() { enable_interrupts(INT_RB); enable_interrupts(GLOBAL); /// main code }

19. Calling the correct ISR INT Boot Vector ISR Check which INT occurred Int Timer Int Serial Int I/O etc

20. Context Switching: How do switch to and from an interrupt PC Saved Automatically Other registers may need to be saved, but must be done in software.

21. Benefits of Programming in C Everything is done for you automatically!

22. DMA (Direct Memory Access) CPU I/O (e.g. Disk) RAM DMA Can send data directly to and from memory

23. Watching a Movie: How Does the Data Flow? CPU RAM Display

24. Summary

25. Analogy I: Hanging a Picture Frame

26. Analogy II: A Simple Game We need one volunteer The instructor will show a number to the class but hide it from the player We will simulate Polling, Interrupt, and DMA by playing this game.

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