1. Medical Physics Students
Laser in Medicine
For
Medical Physics Students By
Dr.Taha. M.Alfawwal

2. أستاذ مساعد قسم الفيزياء كلية العلوم التطبيقية
د. طه محمد طه أحمد الفوال
أستاذ مساعد
قسم الفيزياء
كلية العلوم التطبيقية

3. توزيع درجات مقرر الليزر فى الطب
1- الواجبات 10 %
2- دورى % - 143هـ - المحاضرة 8
3- دورى % 143هـ - المحاضرة 12
4- بحث ومقال 10% -143هـ
5- الامتحان النهائى 50% حسب جدول الجامعة

4. الحضور وواجبات 10% تعديلاتH H H H H
H EXAM 1 15% H
(دورى 2 15%) H
H9-
(ابحث ومقال (10%) ) H H
دورى2 15% ( H) H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

5. Contents
1- Basic Principles
2- Laser Materials
3- Major type of Lasers
4- Medical Lasers
5- Measuring Laser Power
6- Focusing Laser Energy-
7- Basic of Fiber Optics
8- Optical Materials
9- Medical Applications

6. 1- Laser definition, Coherence
Chapter 1. Basic Principle of a Laser
1- Laser definition, Coherence
2- Energy Levels in lasting medium,
Boltzman constant
3- Stimulated emission:
4- Boltzmann ,s constant
5- Laser pumping:
6- Population inversion:
7- Amplification of light and
LASER production in an optical cavity:

7. Chapterr1 : LASERS:
Theory of Operation and Basic Principles
It is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
A laser is a coherent light radiation ( in visible, UV, or infra red, IR emitted from an electronic-optical device.
Coherence: Two waves are said to be coherent if they have a constant amplitude se (السعة) and a constant frequency (Time).
The first working laser was demonstrated in May 1960 by Theodore Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories,USA.

8. Energy Levels in lasting medium and Boltzman Constant
Lasting medium: a material that can be excited to a metastable state by the introduction of energy of an approprate form
Processess : When energy is pumped into the cavity (e.g ., an intense light source that contains light of the appropriate
wavelength to excite the atoms in the cavity),
Electrons in the atoms of the lasting medium are excited to higher energy levels, and then de-excite to their orginal states, releasing light of a particular wavelength.
The well-known Boltzmann principle states that the number of atoms in a given excited state (Ni) , relative to those in a given by ground energy state (N0) , in a system at temperature T, is given by

9. Boltzman , constant

10. Ni/N0 = e –Ei/ Kt
Where Ei is the difference in energy between the excited and ground state and k is Boltzmann ,s constant (1.38 E-23 J/K)
By pumping energy into the cavity , one can induce a condition in when the majority of the atoms are in the excited ; this is called a population inversion . Atoms that are excited by radiation waves already in the lasting medium will emit radiation that in phase with the existing radiation of the appropirate the signal (rate wavelength and thus will add constructively to the radiation. These photons may induce other atoms to emit radiation. , thus continuing to amply (Fig. 3-5)

11. Stimulated emission:
In optics, stimulated emission is the process by which, when perturbed (disturbed) by a photon, matter may lose energy resulting in the production of another photon.
The perturbing photon is not destroyed in the process, and the second photon is created with the same phase, frequency, polarization, and direction of travel as the original.
The process can be thought of as "optical amplification“.

12. Laser pumping: ( Population inversion)
It is the act of energy transfer from an external source into the gain medium of a laser.
The energy is absorbed in the medium, producing excited states in its atoms.
When the number of particles in one excited state exceeds the number of particles in the ground state or a less-excited state, population inversion is achieved.
Population inversion:
It is the state when a group of atoms or molecules exists with more members in an excited state than in lower energy states.

13. The lasing medium must have at least one excited state in which electrons become trapped for a short period before dropping back to the ground state, If the trapping time is not sufficiently long, the popularion inversion can not maintened and lasing action will not occur.
Within the optical cavity , the radiation is reflected back and forth between the mirrors on either end, so that even more stimulation and amplification occurs. On the partially mirrored end, however, some of the highly intense, highly coherent radiation is emitted; this is the useful beam of radiation (*Fig.13.6)

15. Amplification of light:
After population inversion, the amount of stimulated emission due to light that passes through is larger than the amount of absorption. Hence, light is amplified.
After population inversion and stimulated emission, the medium can act as a laser or an optical amplifier. The pump power must be higher than the lasing threshold of the laser.
The pump energy is usually provided in the form of light or electric current, but more exotic sources have been used, such as chemical or nuclear reactions.
The optical cavity, contains a coherent beam of light between reflective surfaces so that the light passes through the gain medium more than once before it is emitted from the output aperture or lost to diffraction or absorption.

16. diagram of basic structure of lasting medium 1-
LASER production in an optical cavity:(Laser production in lasting material)
diagram of basic structure of lasting medium 1-
2- When laser is pumped , photons are emitted as excited electrons return to lower energy levels
electrons to emit their photons
3- Photons refelect off mirrors and start to stimulate
other electrons to emit their photons
4- A chain reaction of photons begins and the laser begins to lase
5- Full operation will occur

17. LASER production in an optical cavity:(Laser production in lasting material)
Illustration of optical pumping and the generation of laser light. 1 2 4 3 5

18. 1- Define the following items:
A- LASER
B- Population inversion
C- Stimulated Emission
D- Lasting Medium
2- Write short notes on the following:-
A- Bolttzman constant
Amplification of LASER B-