2. Biochemistry Vocabulary BiomoleculeCarbohydrate LipidProtein PolymerOrganic InorganicMonomer Nucleic Acid Define:

3. The Chemistry of Life!!! What are you made of? Atom: - smallest unit of matter; unable to be cut into smaller units and still remain the same. But what do you get when you cut an atom in half? Proton: + -positively charged Neutron: -neutral charge (no charge) Electron: - - negative charge

4. What is an element? No, Not this Element: - a group of atoms with the same structure and properties. What happens when an atom has more neutrons than it is supposed to?

5. Isotopes Happen! Isotopes: - an isotope is an atom with more, or less neutrons than other atoms of its element. Carbon 12 “Normal” Carbon 12 6 Protons 6 Neutrons 6 Electrons Carbon 14 Radioactive Carbon 14 6 Protons 8 Neutrons 6 Electrons

6. What happens when you put two elements together? Compounds are formed. Compound: - two or more elements that are combined in specific proportions. Ex - NaCl a.k.a………. Salt

7. What holds the Compounds together? Bonds,………………………… Chemical Bonds Def: - forces that hold individual atoms and compounds together Types: Ionic Bond: - the theft of an electron Happens when atoms are strongly charged + and -

8. Covalent Bond: - sharing an electron Happens when atoms are not strong enough to steal electrons. Example: H2OH2O

9. Hydrogen Bonds - weak attraction between atoms because of their magnetic attraction Water molecules have the hydrogen atoms (blue) only on one side which gives them a positive charge at that end. + At the other end the oxygen (red) has a negative charge - When another water molecule is near, they are attracted + to – (positive to negative) + + - -

10. W ater, W ater, E verywhere…………. Water: – the universal solvent Polar (polarity) : having a definite positive and negative region on/in a molecule. + - That means that a water molecule is like a little magnet! Anything that is magnet (polar) will stick to water!!

11. Water sticks to other things Adhesion: -the ability of water to stick to other polar molecules. This is how plants get water to the top of the trees, and how paper towels pick up spills.

12. Cohesion: - the ability of water molecules to stick to other water molecules. We must break through these bonds to enter water. Surface tension – cohesion at the surface of water `

13. When you put sugar in your tea, what happens? The sugar dissolves The water molecules surround the glucose molecules and pull them away from other ones. Solution: - combination of components are evenly distributed in a liquid substance (water)

14. If you put sand in water and mix it, what happens? The sand sinks to the bottom. Suspension: - components of a mixture that will not dissolve in the liquid, thus settle.

15. Acids and Bases One of the most important aspects of a living system is the degree of acidity or alkalinity

16. Acids form Hydrogen ions in water H+ –HCl  H+ + Cl- Bases form Hydroxide ions in water OH- - NaOH  Na+ + OH-

17. Acids Number of hydronium ions in solutions is greater than the number of hydroxide ions HCl  H + + Cl -

18. Bases Number of hydroxide ions in solution is greater than the number of hydronium ions NaOH  Na + + OH -

19. Why does orange juice sting sometimes? Why does Coca-Cola fizz? Acid is in there! Acid and Base is a part of everything around you. It is measured on a scale called a pH scale Acid 0 Base 14 Neutral 7 Stomach acid 1.5 Orange juice 3 Water 7.0 Soap 10.0 Bleach 13

20. Carbon Compounds Carbon: An element that is used by organic life forms to make molecules of the body. Macromolecule: Macro = large or many Molecule = arranged atoms Def: a large molecule composed of many units, or smaller molecules Ex: Glucose A single 6 carbon ring But if I add a lot of them together, I get: Complex Carbs `

21. A single unit is a MONOMER Having multiple units is a POLYMER First Carbohydrates What is a Carb?

22. Chemical Structure of a Carbohydrate: C O H H Carbohydrates are found in the Ratio of : 1 Carbon to 2 Hydrogen to 1 Oxygen 1:2:1 or 2:1 Glucose (simplest carb): C 6 H 12 O 6 Usually found in a ring

23. Where do we see Glucose in our daily lives? Honey is Glucose with minor things added by the bees. If you put two glucose molecules together, you can get several different things SucroseLactoseFructose

24. If you stick several Glucose Molecules together we get……… Complex carbs! a.k.a. polysaccharides Def: long term storage of glucose used for different things: Starch: Used by plants to store excess glucose Cellulose: Used by plants as a building material Glycogen: Used by animals to store excess glucose

25. What can you eat that has more energy than Carbs? Second Molecule: Lipids (fats) can store enough energy that they can even hold a flame! Plants store fat as liquids. Animals store fat as solids

26. Lipid Composition: A Glycerin Molecule This acts as a connector for: Three Fatty acids The fatty acids contain several carbon groups that store energy in their bonds.

27. Uses for Lipids: 1. Energy Storage We use fatty acids for energy when we work out and carbs. have been used up 2. Structure of cells Every cell has a cell membrane that is made of Phospholipids. 3. Messengers Steroids are lipids that carry messages through the blood stream

28. If I am trying to get strong, what do I eat? a.k.a. Proteins Third Molecule: Proteins are used as structural components in all cells! Amino acids: - 20 different molecules that combine to make all proteins These are just two

29. Protein Uses: Construction: Proteins build components inside and outside our cells Enzyme reactions: Enzymes are special proteins that build or break down materials inside or outside the cells

30. What happens to the food you eat? Enzymes break down the food by acting as a Catalyst Catalyst – anything that makes a reaction take place without being changed itself Enzyme (catalyst) Food particle (substrate) The enzyme attaches to the food at the “active site” The enzyme breaks the food into smaller usable pieces (products) and releases them

31. Fourth Molecule: Nucleic Acids: The cells Blueprint DNA & RNA The “basic building blocks” that make up nucleic acids are called NUCLEOTIDES D eoxyribo N ucleic A cid & R ibo N ucleic A cid Phosphate group Ribose Sugar Nitrogen Base

32. DNA: Contains all the genetic material that is needed by the cell. It is found in a “Double Helix”, two twists in a clockwise spiral. RNA: A single strand of Nucleotides that carries a message of genetic material out of the nucleus. It’s purpose is to build a Protein.

33. Review for test Define: 1. Atom2. Isotope3. Ion 4. Molecule5. Covalent bonds6. Ionic bonds 7. Mixture8. Products9. Solution 10. Solute11. Solvent12. Adhesion 13. Cohesion14. Monomer15. Polymer 16. Carbohydrate17. Lipid 18. Nucleic acid 19. DNA20. RNA21. Nucleotide 22. Protein23. Amino Acid24. Enzyme 25. Substrate Questions: 1. Compare and contrast Adhesion and Cohesion 2. How is polarity used by cells in compounds? 3. Describe two Chemical Bonds. 4. Compare and contrast four types of biomolecules.