1. Review of Polymers Agenda: Entry Task Organic Molecule Review
Intro to DNA

2. Reviewing Biomolecules - Monomers
Red = amino acid
Yellow= glucose
Green wide = fatty acid
Green narrow = glycerol
Image Credit (molecules): Craig Douglas, Michigan State University
Image Credit (paper clip): Michigan State University
Use Slides 6-8 to review the monomers and polymers in food and how each monomer is represented by a different kind of paper clip. Students can also refer to the Molecules of Food posters showing the monomers and polymers of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.

3. Materials for growth: Biosynthesis Energy: Cellular respiration
Step 1: Digestion
Materials for growth: Biosynthesis
Food
Digestion
Energy: Cellular respiration
Use Slides to guide students through the process of digestion.
Students move their food molecules from the mouth of the cow to its digestive system as they view Slides (See Background Information for additional details about a cow’s digestive system.)

4. in stomach and small intestines
Digestion occurs
in stomach and small intestines
When food is eaten it moves to the stomach
Break apart large food molecules into small molecules here in intestines
Food molecules in stomach
Students move their food molecules from the mouth of the cow to its digestive system as they view Slides (See Background Information for additional details about a cow’s digestive system.)
Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University

5. Breakdown Protein Molecules (Digestion)
Let’s focus on what happens to PROTEIN in food.
(Put the other food molecules to the side of the poster for now.)
Digest one PROTEIN polymer by breaking the protein into individual amino acids. Cut the molecule of water in half.
Students break their protein molecule into amino acid monomers (Slide 17) and view an animation of the process (Slides 18-19). They should note that digestion does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds.
Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University
Paper Clip Image Credit: Michigan State University
Chemical change

6. What happens to carbon atoms and chemical energy in digestion?
Chemical change
Use Slides to guide students through the process of digestion.
Students break their protein molecule into amino acid monomers (Slide 17) and view an animation of the process (Slides 18-19). They should note that digestion does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds.
Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University
Protein polymer (+ water)
Amino acid monomers
Reactants
Products

7. What happens to carbon atoms and chemical energy in digestion?
Chemical change
Use Slides to guide students through the process of digestion.
Students break their protein molecule into amino acid monomers (Slide 17) and view an animation of the process (Slides 18-19). They should note that digestion does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds.
Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University
Carbon atoms stay in organic molecules with high-energy bonds
Protein polymer (+ water)
Amino acid monomers
Reactants
Products

8. Breakdown of Starch Molecules (Digestion)
Digest one STARCH molecule by breaking the starch into individual glucose monomers. Cut the molecule of water in half.
Chemical change
Use Slides to guide students through the process of digestion.
Students break the starch molecule into glucose monomers (Slide 20) and view an animation of the process (Slides 21-22). Again, t hey should note that digestion does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds.
Image Credit (molecule): Craig Douglas, Michigan State University
Image Credit (paper clip): Michigan State University

9. What happens to carbon atoms and chemical energy in digestion?
Chemical change
Use Slides to guide students through the process of digestion.
Students break the starch molecule into glucose monomers (Slide 20) and view an animation of the process (Slides 21-22). Again, t hey should note that digestion does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds.
Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University
Starch polymer (+ water)
Glucose monomers
Reactants
Products

10. What happens to carbon atoms and chemical energy in digestion?
Chemical change
Use Slides to guide students through the process of digestion.
Students break the starch molecule into glucose monomers (Slide 20) and view an animation of the process (Slides 21-22). Again, t hey should note that digestion does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds.
Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University
Carbon atoms stay in organic molecules with high-energy bonds
Starch polymer (+ water)
Glucose monomers
Reactants
Products 10

11. Breakdown of Fat Molecules (Digestion)
Digest one FAT molecule by breaking the fat into individual fatty acid and glycerol monomers. Cut the molecule of water in half.
Chemical change
Use Slides to guide students through the process of digestion.
Students break the fat molecule into glycerol and fatty acid monomers (Slide 23) and view an animation of the process (Slides 24-25). Again, t hey should note that digestion does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds.
Image Credit (molecule): Craig Douglas, Michigan State University
Image Credit (paper clip): Michigan State University

12. What happens to carbon atoms and chemical energy in digestion?
Chemical change
Use Slides to guide students through the process of digestion.
Students break the fat molecule into glycerol and fatty acid monomers (Slide 23) and view an animation of the process (Slides 24-25). Again, t hey should note that digestion does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds.
Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University
Fat (+ water)
Fatty acids
+ glycerol
Reactants
Products

13. What happens to carbon atoms and chemical energy in digestion?
Chemical change
Use Slides to guide students through the process of digestion.
Students break the fat molecule into glycerol and fatty acid monomers (Slide 23) and view an animation of the process (Slides 24-25). Again, t hey should note that digestion does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds.
Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University
Carbon atoms stay in organic molecules with high-energy bonds
Fat (+ water)
Fatty acids
+ glycerol
Reactants
Products

14. What happens to food that animals can’t digest?
Our digestive systems cannot break down some large organic molecules (such as fiber).
These molecules leave our bodies as feces.
Use Slides to guide students through the process of digestion.
Students view Slide 26 for an animation showing that animals cannot digest some fiber molecules, and these molecules leave animal bodies as feces. Cows can digest some fiber, while people can digest none.) Slide 27 prompts students to move their undigested fiber molecules out of the cow’s body.
Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University

15. Move undigested fiber molecules out of the cow as feces.
Break apart large food molecules into small molecules here in intestines
Use Slides to guide students through the process of digestion.
Students view Slide 26 for an animation showing that animals cannot digest some fiber molecules, and these molecules leave animal bodies as feces. Cows can digest some fiber, while people can digest none.) Slide 27 prompts students to move their undigested fiber molecules out of the cow’s body.
Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University

16. The Movement Question: Where do digested monomers go?
glucose
fatty acid
Slides guide students through the process of food monomers being carried by the blood to all cells in an animal’s body, including a muscle in the cow’s leg.
Slide 28 prompts students to discuss where the digested monomers go from the digestive system: They are carried by the blood to every cell in the animal’s body.
Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University
glycerol
amino acid

17. Blood carries digested monomers to all parts of animal bodies
Where are atoms moving from?
Where are atoms moving to?
Slides guide students through the process of food monomers being carried by the blood to all cells in an animal’s body, including a muscle in the cow’s leg.
The animation in Slide 29 shows amino acid monomers moving to one example cell—in a muscle in the cow’s leg.
Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University

18. Small molecules move through circulatory system
Small molecules move from intestines to blood, and the heart pumps blood and small molecules to all parts of the body.
Slides guide students through the process of food monomers being carried by the blood to all cells in an animal’s body, including a muscle in the cow’s leg.
Slide 30 prompts students to move their monomers from the cow’s digestive system to its blood going to all parts of he cow’s body.
Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University
Small molecules move through circulatory system

19. Materials for growth: Biosynthesis Energy: Cellular respiration
Step 2: Biosynthesis
Materials for growth: Biosynthesis
Food
Digestion
Energy: Cellular respiration
Use Slides to guide students through the process of biosynthesis in a cow’s muscle.
Show students Slides to introduce them to biosynthesis. Monomers move in the blood to all parts of an animal, but we’ll just focus on one place for this activity—a cow muscle.
Use Slide 33 to remind students of the information they learned from beef nutritional labels. Tell students that cow muscles are primarily protein and fat.
Students build a protein molecule from amino acid monomers (Slide 34) and view an animation of the process (Slides 35-36). They should note that biosynthesis does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds (though linking the monomers together does require some energy).
Students build a fat molecule from glycerol and fatty acid monomers (Slide 37) and view an animation of the process (Slides 38-39). They should note that biosynthesis does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds (though linking the monomers together does require some energy).

20. Build large molecules in muscle here
Biosynthesis is the process of small organic molecules becoming large organic molecules in all body parts
Build large molecules in muscle here
Use Slides to guide students through the process of biosynthesis in a cow’s muscle.
Show students Slides to introduce them to biosynthesis. Monomers move in the blood to all parts of an animal, but we’ll just focus on one place for this activity—a cow muscle.
Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University

21. What’s in cow muscles (BEEF)?
PROTEIN FAT
Use Slides to guide students through the process of biosynthesis in a cow’s muscle.
Use Slide 33 to remind students of the information they learned from beef nutritional labels. Tell students that cow muscles are primarily protein and fat.
Image Credit (molecule): Craig Douglas, Michigan State University
Image Credit (paper clip, food label): Michigan State University

22. Build Cow Muscles (Biosynthesis)
Build PROTEIN molecules by linking 5 amino acid monomers.
Chemical change
Use Slides to guide students through the process of biosynthesis in a cow’s muscle.
Students build a protein molecule from amino acid monomers (Slide 34) and view an animation of the process (Slides 35-36). They should note that biosynthesis does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds (though linking the monomers together does require some energy).
Image Credit (molecule): Craig Douglas, Michigan State University
Image Credit (paper clip): Michigan State University

23. Build food molecules - proteins
Build PROTEIN molecules by linking 5 amino acid monomers.
Image Credit (molecule): Craig Douglas, Michigan State University
Image Credit (paper clip): Michigan State University
Show Slides 9-12 as each pair of students builds one molecule each of starch (Slide 9), fat (Slide 10), protein (Slide 11), and cellulose or fiber (Slide 12). (Although Slide 3 does not show fat in grass, grass does contain small amounts of fat, and other foods that cows eat such as grains contain more fat.)

24. What happens to carbon atoms and chemical energy in biosynthesis?
Chemical change
Use Slides to guide students through the process of biosynthesis in a cow’s muscle.
Students build a protein molecule from amino acid monomers (Slide 34) and view an animation of the process (Slides 35-36). They should note that biosynthesis does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds (though linking the monomers together does require some energy).
Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University
Amino acid monomers
Protein polymer (+ water)
Reactants
Products

25. What happens to carbon atoms and chemical energy in biosynthesis?
Chemical change
Use Slides to guide students through the process of biosynthesis in a cow’s muscle.
Students build a protein molecule from amino acid monomers (Slide 34) and view an animation of the process (Slides 35-36). They should note that biosynthesis does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds (though linking the monomers together does require some energy).
Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University
Carbon atoms stay in organic molecules with high-energy bonds
Amino acid monomers
Protein polymer (+ water)
Reactants
Products

26. Build Cow Muscles (Biosynthesis)
Build FAT (lipids) molecules by linking 3 fatty acid monomers to 1 glycerol molecule.
Chemical change
Use Slides to guide students through the process of biosynthesis in a cow’s muscle.
Students build a fat molecule from glycerol and fatty acid monomers (Slide 37) and view an animation of the process (Slides 38-39). They should note that biosynthesis does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds (though linking the monomers together does require some energy).
Image Credit (molecule): Craig Douglas, Michigan State University
Image Credit (paper clip): Michigan State University

27. Build food molecules - lipids
Build a FAT (lipids) molecule by linking 3 fatty acid monomers to 1 glycerol molecule.
Image Credit (molecule): Craig Douglas, Michigan State University
Image Credit (paper clip): Michigan State University
Show Slides 9-12 as each pair of students builds one molecule each of starch (Slide 9), fat (Slide 10), protein (Slide 11), and cellulose or fiber (Slide 12). (Although Slide 3 does not show fat in grass, grass does contain small amounts of fat, and other foods that cows eat such as grains contain more fat.)

28. What happens to carbon atoms and chemical energy in biosynthesis?
Chemical change
Use Slides to guide students through the process of biosynthesis in a cow’s muscle.
Students build a fat molecule from glycerol and fatty acid monomers (Slide 37) and view an animation of the process (Slides 38-39). They should note that biosynthesis does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds (though linking the monomers together does require some energy).
Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University
Fatty acids + glycerol
Fat (+ water)
Reactants
Products

29. What happens to carbon atoms and chemical energy in biosynthesis?
Chemical change
Use Slides to guide students through the process of biosynthesis in a cow’s muscle.
Students build a fat molecule from glycerol and fatty acid monomers (Slide 37) and view an animation of the process (Slides 38-39). They should note that biosynthesis does NOT break high-energy C-C or C-H bonds (though linking the monomers together does require some energy).
Image Credit: Craig Douglas, Michigan State University
Carbon atoms stay in organic molecules with high-energy bonds
Fatty acids + glycerol
Fat (+ water)
Reactants
Products

30. What’s in cow muscles (BEEF)?
PROTEIN FAT
Use Slides to guide students through the process of biosynthesis in a cow’s muscle.
Use Slide 33 to remind students of the information they learned from beef nutritional labels. Tell students that cow muscles are primarily protein and fat.
Image Credit (molecule): Craig Douglas, Michigan State University
Image Credit (paper clip, food label): Michigan State University

31. Build food molecules – carbs (starch) (this happens in plants)
Build a STARCH molecule by linking together 6 glucose monomers.
Image Credit (molecule): Craig Douglas, Michigan State University
Image Credit (paper clip): Michigan State University
Show Slides 9-12 as each pair of students builds one molecule each of starch (Slide 9), fat (Slide 10), protein (Slide 11), and cellulose or fiber (Slide 12). (Although Slide 3 does not show fat in grass, grass does contain small amounts of fat, and other foods that cows eat such as grains contain more fat.)

32. Build food molecules – carbs (starch) (this happens in plants)
One type of carbohydrate is cellulose, also called fiber. Build a FIBER molecule by linking together 6 glucose monomers.
Image Credit (molecule): Craig Douglas, Michigan State University
Image Credit (paper clip): Michigan State University
Show Slides 9-12 as each pair of students builds one molecule each of starch (Slide 9), fat (Slide 10), protein (Slide 11), and cellulose or fiber (Slide 12). (Although Slide 3 does not show fat in grass, grass does contain small amounts of fat, and other foods that cows eat such as grains contain more fat.)

33. DNA is an organic molecule too….
On your whiteboard, answer the following questions:
What is the purpose of DNA?
Where is our DNA?
If DNA is a polymer, what are its monomers?
Where can we get new monomers if we want to make new DNA polymers?
When would you need to make new DNA?
What is the process to make new DNA?
What do you think DNA looks like?
We will share out.

34. DNA = Deoxyribonucleic Acid STORES GENETIC INFORMATION

35. DNA is arranged into polymers called chromosomes (built from nucleotide monomers)
Chromosomes can get packed together to take up less space
Chromosome = single molecule of DNA

37. DNA is arranged into polymers called chromosomes (built from nucleotide polymers)
How many chromosomes (DNA polymers) do humans have?
Chromosomes can get packed together to take up less space

38. DNA is arranged into polymers called chromosomes (built from nucleotide polymers)
How many chromosomes do humans have?
= 46 TOTAL chromosomes
Chromosomes can get packed together to take up less space

39. So let’s look at REAL DNA!
READ THE PROTOCOL!
Your flow chart must be completed before starting the lab tomorrow. Each group member must complete their own flowchart.
Tomorrow is the ONLY day to complete the lab.