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Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/Correlational Research Statistics and Research Evaluating Research Ethics.

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Presentation on theme: "Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/Correlational Research Statistics and Research Evaluating Research Ethics."— Presentation transcript:

1 Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/Correlational Research Statistics and Research Evaluating Research Ethics

2 Psychology = Common Sense? “Birds of a feather flock together.” “Opposites attract.” “Absence makes the heart grow fonder.” “Out of sight, out of mind.” “You can’t judge a book by its cover.” “Beauty is only skin deep.”

3 Goals of the Scientific Enterprise 1.Measurement and description 2.Understanding and prediction 3.Application and control

4 Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/ Correlational Research Statistics and Research Evaluating Research Anxiety Ethics

5 Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/ Correlational Research HowAffects Ethics Statistics and Research Evaluating Research

6 Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/ Correlational Research SchoolBusiness Ethics Statistics and Research Evaluating Research

7 Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/ Correlational Research Theories Inductive Logic Hypotheses Deductive Logic Research How Hypotheses are Tested Ethics Statistics and Research Evaluating Research

8 Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/ Correlational Research Hypothesis : Students who study over a span of 3 weeks before a test perform better than those who wait until the night before Method Data Collection Analysis Report Findings Ethics Statistics and Research Evaluating Research

9 Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/ Correlational Research Independent Variable Dependant Variable Experimental Group Control Group Extraneous Variables Ethics Statistics and Research Evaluating Research

10 Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/ Correlational Research Absence of Pain = Dependant Variable Independent Variable Experimental Group Control Group Ethics Statistics and Research Evaluating Research

11 Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/ Correlational Research Ethics Statistics and Research Evaluating Research

12 Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/ Correlational Research Independent Variable #1 Independent Variable #2 Ethics Statistics and Research Evaluating Research

13 Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/ Correlational Research Dependant Variable #1 Dependant Variable #2 Worker Satisfaction Ethics Statistics and Research Evaluating Research

14 Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/ Correlational Research Experiments are Often Artificial Ethical Concerns Practical Realities Ethics Statistics and Research Evaluating Research

15 Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/ Correlational Research Ethics Statistics and Research Evaluating Research DOGS

16 Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/ Correlational Research Detailed case histories are worked up for youngsters referred to counseling because of excessive aggressive behavior in school. The children are interviewed, as are their parents and teachers.teachers Ethics Statistics and Research Evaluating Research

17 Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/ Correlational Research Ethics Statistics and Research Evaluating Research

18 Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/ Correlational Research Population Unrepresentative Sample Ethics Statistics and Research Evaluating Research

19 Central Tendency VariabilityCorrelation Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/ Correlational Research Ethics Statistics and Research Evaluating Research

20 Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/ Correlational Research Positive Correlation High scores on X are associated with high scores on Y, and low scores on X are associated with low scores on Y. # of Cigarettes Smoked X Blood Pressure Reading Y # of Cigarettes Smoked X Blood Pressure Reading Y Ethics Statistics and Research Evaluating Research

21 Correlation

22 Negative Correlation High scores on X are associated with low scores on Y, and low scores on X are associated with high scores on Y. Amount of Cocaine Ingested X # of Hours Slept Y Amount of Cocaine Ingested X # of Hours Slept Y Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/ Correlational Research Ethics Statistics and Research Evaluating Research

23 Correlation

24 Negative CorrelationPositive Correlation Strength of Relationship Increasing HighModerateLowHighModerateLow 1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.100-.10-.20-.30-.40-.50-.60-.70-.80-.90 Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/ Correlational Research Ethics Statistics and Research Evaluating Research

25 Correlation

26 Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/ Correlational Research Ethics Statistics and Research Evaluating Research.05 level of significance

27

28 Comparing Research Methods

29 Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/ Correlational Research ReplicationMeta-analysis Evaluating Research Ethics Statistics and Research

30 Evaluating Research Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/ Correlational Research Ethics Statistics and Research

31 Robert Rosenthal Evaluating Research Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/ Correlational Research Ethics Statistics and Research

32 Evaluating Research Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/ Correlational Research Ethics Statistics and Research

33 Ethics “If it is all right to use deceit to advance knowledge, then why not for reasons of national security, for maintaining the Presidency, or to save one’s own hide?” – Warwick 1975 Evaluating Research Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/ Correlational Research Statistics and Research

34 APA’s Ethical Guidelines for Psychologists Using recognized standards of competence and ethics, psychologists plan research so as to minimize the possibility of misleading results. Any ethical problems are resolved before research is started. The welfare and confidentiality of all participants are to be protected. Psychologists are responsible for the dignity and welfare of participants. Psychologists are also responsible for all research they perform or is performed by others under their supervision.

35

36 4 Major Considerations 1. Informed consent 2. No harm 3. Confidentiality/anonymity 4. Debriefed **IRB** Institutional Review Board

37 Psychologists obey all state and federal laws and regulations as well as professional standards governing research. Except for anonymous surveys, naturalistic observations, and similar research, psychologists reach an agreement regarding rights and responsibilities of both participants and researchers before research is started.

38 When consent is required, psychologists obtain a signed, informed consent before starting any research with a participant. Deception is used only if no better alternative is available. Under no condition is there deception about (negative) aspects that might influence a participant’s willingness to participate. Other issues covered include sharing and utilizing data, offering inducements, minimizing evasiveness, and providing participants with information about the study.

39 Confidentiality Records are private Exception: to protect the well- being of the client or of other people

40 Deception New drug experiments often use placebos May use deception in the following situations: - when they believe that the benefits of the research outweigh its potential harm - when they believe participants would have been willing to participate if they understood the benefits - when participants receive an explanation of the study after it has occurred

41 Neil Miller Ethics Evaluating Research Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/ Correlational Research Statistics and Research

42 Ethics Both human and animal subjects should be treated with dignity Evaluating Research Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/ Correlational Research Statistics and Research

43 Ethics Evaluating Research Scientific Approach to Behavior Experimental Research Descriptive/ Correlational Research Statistics and Research

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