1. NEGATIVE ION PLASMAS Professor Robert L. Merlino Department of Physics & Astronomy University of Iowa Plasma Physics Seminar, April 23, 2007

2. Acknowledgements Nick D’ Angelo Dave Suszcynsky Bin Song Jackson Loomis Tao An Q-Z Luo Su-Hyun Kim Ross Fisher Mike Miller V. Nosenko ONR, NASA NSF, DOE

3. negative ion plasma a plasma containing electrons, positive ions and negative ions a fraction of the electrons are attached to negative ions characterized by the parameter p = n  / n + the % of negative ions in the plasma occur naturally in space and astrophysics and can be produced in the lab

4. Negative Ions Create Positive Vibes There's something in the air that just may boost your mood -- get a whiff of negative ions. Once they reach our bloodstream, negative ions are believed to produce biochemical reactions that increase levels of the mood chemical serotonin, helping to alleviate depression, relieve stress, and boost our daytime energy WebMD

5. Negative ions make goldfish grow ! NI

6. OUTLINE I.Introduction A. the chemical physics of negative ion formation B. examples of negative ion plasmas (1)neutral beam sources (2)photosphere of the Sun (3)D region of the ionosphere (4)plasma processing reactors

7. II. Production of negative ion plasmas A.Q machine B.electron attachment cross sections C. Langmuir probe measurements D. comparison of SF 6 and C 7 F 14 results III. Waves in negative ion plasmas A.ion acoustic waves B. electrostatic ion cyclotron waves

8. The chemical physics of negative ions A) Negative ion formation mechanisms: ( molecule XYZ ) attachment autoionization radiative stabilization IVR dissociative attachment

9. B) Negative ion destruction mechanisms mutual neutralization photodetactment collisional detachment

10. The negative hydrogen ion H  one of the most important negative ions in the universe! It exists, electron affinity (binding energy of the extra electron) = 0.75 eV why does it exist? first electron in H only partially shields the nuclear charge QM calculations confirm this responsible for most of the continuum opacity of the photosphere

11. Negative ion sources for neutral beam systems magnetically confined fusion plasmas are heated by neutral beam injection (150 keV D + ) cannot accelerate neutral atoms accelerate H + then neutralize by charge exchange  inefficient at >100 keV however, with H -, the neutralization efficiency remains high out to 500 keV. now use negative-ion based neutral beam systems capable of producing multiampere beams of H and D negative ions

12. H  in the photosphere photosphere - what you see when you look at the sun about 400 km thick, cool ~ 4400K – 5800K, mostly H remarkably opaque at infrared and shorter wavelengths most H in ground state and thus does not contribute much to absorption need 13.6 eV (121.6 nm) to get H in first excited state 1939- about one in 10 7 H’s are H –, and need only 0.75 eV to remove extra electron  1653 nm (Saha relation) so H – can account for absorption down to very long wavelengths negative H makes photosphere as opaque as a dense object, therefore it radiates like a blackbody

13. negative ions in the earth’s ionosphere negative ions (O 2 –) are generally present in the lower ionosphere (D region) 60 – 90 km they may play a role in the creation and destruction of the ozone layer observed at 76 km in the polar region Data from rocket borne instruments

14. Effect of rocket exhaust on the ionospheric plasma artificially induced airglow caused by Challenger engine burn on 29 July 1985

15. electron depletion experiments in space electron density changes recorded on a Langmuir probe onboard a rocket payload when 30 kg (10 26 molecules) of CF 3 Br) triflouromethyl bromide (was released at 309 km. in less than 0.1 sec, the electron density was reduced from 10 5 cm -3 to less than 15 cm -3 CF 3 Br + e–  Br – + CF 3 time (sec) electrondensity electricfield mV/m cm -3

16. negative ions in plasma processing Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) systems use silane (SiH 4 ) for deposition of amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) for solar cell fabrication positive and negative ions are formed: SiH 4 + e –  SiH 3 + + H + 2e – (dissociative ionization ) SiH 4 + e –  SiH 3 – + H ( dissociative attachment) chemical reactions among the various species then lead to the formation of bigger particles (nm) which are deposited on a substrate as a thin film. A typical rf processing reactor in which reactive radicals, positive and negative ions, neutrals and molecules are produced when a glow discharge is formed by a continuous flow of feed gas.

17. Interest in negative ion plasmas much or ordinary plasma behavior is dominated by the fact that m e << m + but in a negative ion plasma we have n e << n +, so the plasma has m –  m + electron induced ambipolar fields no longer dominate shielding of low frequency electric fields by electrons is less important effect on low frequency plasma waves due to the quasineutrality condition n + = n e + n –

18. e.g. sheaths in a plasma typically v e,th >> v +,th  electrons leave first plasma potential adjusts to maintain quiasi-neutrality  SHEATH plasma potential sheaths position

19. Production of negative ion plasmas introduce an electronegative gas into a plasma, e.g., SF 6 attachment cross sections are highly energy dependent F is highly corrosive

20. Q machine SF 6 grid for launching IA waves K + or Cs + plasmas, nearly fully ionized T e = T +  0.2 eV n + ~ 10 8 – 10 11 cm -3

21. IQ-3

22. Attachment cross sections Low energy cross sections SF 6  sulfur hexafluoride C 7 F 14  perfluoromethylcyclohexane

23. reduction in the electron density as the SF 6 pressure is increased the Langmuir probe is used to observe the reduction in electron density the negative ion contribution to the probe current is much smaller than the electron current since m – >> m e the reduction in electron current can be used to estimate n – /n +

24. comparison of results in SF 6 and C 7 F 14 in C 7 F 14 can achieve n e /n + < 10 –3

25. Langmuir probe floating potential V I VpVp VfVf

26. Ion acoustic waves in a negative ion plasma An e – / + ion plasma supports low frequency (f << f p+ ) ion sound waves in the same way that a gas supports ordinary sound waves the ions provide the inertia for the wave and the electrons the pressure which is communicated to the ions via the electric field a negative ion plasma supports 2 ion acoustic modes – a ‘slow’ mode and a ‘fast’ mode.

27. Ion acoustic waves in a negative ion plasma p = Fast Mode Slow Mode Notice that for the fast mode, the phase speed is >> ion thermal speed for large values of the negative ion percentage  this reduces, considerably the effects of ion Landau damping on the wave.

28. IAW in plasma with negative ions Phase velocity wave damping

29. electrostatic ion cyclotron (EIC) waves in a plasma with negative ions EIC waves are fundamental low frequency (ion) modes of a magnetized plasma they propagate nearly  to B, but with a finite the mode frequency is just above the ion- cyclotron frequency,  c+ : it is excited by an electron drift v ed ~ (10-20) v +,th along the magnetic field the critical electron drift speed needed to excite the mode is reduced in a negative ion plasma

30. you cannot draw a dc current in a magnetized plasma 100  s electron current

31. EIC modes in a plasma with K + ions, electrons and C 7 F 14 – Negative ion EIC mode can be used as a diagnostic for the relative concentration of the negative ion. T e = T + = 0.2 eV, T - = 0.03 eV

32. Power spectra of EIC modes in a plasma with C 7 F 14 No C 7 F 14 with C 7 F 14 0 200 400 FREQUENCY (kHz) POWER SPECTRA OF EIC MODES B = 0.36 T P(C 7 F 14 ) = 0 B = 0.36 T P(C 7 F 14 ) = 6  10 -7 Torr f o,– f 1,– f o, + f 1, + f o, + f 1, + 10 dB 0 200 400 Frequency (kHz)

33. C 7 F 14 mode frequencies vs. B

34. At three minutes and four seconds after 2 AM on the 6th of May this year, the time and date will be 02:03:04 05/06/07. This will never happen again.