1. Renaissance, Reformation, and Revolution

2. Renaissance Renaissance: ◦ Rebirth ◦ Time period of many developments, including the invention of the printing press, advances in science, and a new emphasis on reason. Inspired by Greek and Roman literature and life. Arab and African developments in science and medicine also. Art and humanities were also emphasized.

3. Renaissance men Writers: ◦ Niccolo Machiavelli: The Prince Leonardo Da Vinci ◦ Sculptor, Engineer, Architect, and scientist. ◦ Known for his paintings. Michelangelo Buonarroti ◦ Painter and Sculptor ◦ Sistine Chapel

4. Scientific revolution During this time period developments and thought in modern science advanced knowledge of human life. Scientific revolution: ◦ Transformation of thinking during the 1500’s and 1600’s as a result of a new system of investigation. Scientific Method: ◦ The method of inquiry that includes carefully conducted experiments and mathematical calculations.

5. The people of Science Rene Descartes Francis Bacon Sir Isaac Newton Other Scientific Discoveries

6. Reformation Revolution: ◦ A drastic change in a social institution or in way of thought. Johannes Gutenberg ◦ Moveable print and the Printing Press ◦ Allowed cultural diffusion and information to be more readily available Catholic Church ◦ Indulgences: payment for forgiving sins and entry into heaven.

7. Martin Luther German Monk Posted the 95 thesis ◦ Statements arguing indulgences and other sacraments. Was an outlaw until he was protected Translated the bible into German. ◦ Allowed all Germans to read the bible for themselves. Preached for a more direct faith

8. Protestant churches Sects ◦ Small religious groups that were often unorganized and lacked authority and disciplines. England ◦ Anglican Church ◦ Was established to allow King Henry the Eighth to divorce his wives.

9. Counter-Reformation Catholic-Reformation Different tactics were used to punish Heretics. ◦ People that defied the church The Council of Trent ◦ Aligned Catholic doctrine ◦ Banned indulgences ◦ Disciplined clergy ◦ Emphasized ceremonies.

10. European, Exploration, and Absolution Absolute Monarchy ◦ Ruler has total control of the state without needing to consult other leaders or representatives of the people. Advances in Map Making Navigation instruments ◦ Compass ◦ Astrolabe: astronomy to navigation Mercantilism ◦ Economic theory that countries wealth depends on gold and silver. ◦ Colonies could grow wealth.

11. Enlightenment What was the enlightenment? What changing worldviews characterized the Age of Enlightenment? Who were the crusaders of the enlightenment? What did the following people believe? ◦ John Locke ◦ Montesquieu ◦ Voltaire ◦ Rousseau

12. French Revolution 1789 sparked by the American Revolution France was ruled by an absolute monarchy with privileges for an aristocracy and catholic clergy. Radical change based on enlightenment principles of citizenship and inalienable rights. The revolution sparked changed, but would be unstable until the formation of modern France. ◦ Republic, constitutional monarchy, and empire.

13. Causes of the Revolution Political and Social inequalities ◦ Nobility and Clergy had special privileges like absolute rule and no taxation. Bankruptcy in the Government ◦ Louis XIV spent too much on war. Louis XVI did nothing to improve the situation. Enlightenment thought and American revolution. ◦ Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau Change was too little to late ◦ Attempts by Louis XVI to solve economic woes and the refusal to surrender any power led to the movement of the hungry Parisians who stormed the Bastille and started the FR. French Revolution

14. Napoleonic Era Napoleon Bonaparte ◦ French General ◦ Military Genius Led successful campaigns against Italian and Austrian armies. Movement of troops rapidly and mass forces to critical points. ◦ Cannon warfare Napoleon Seized power in 1799 ◦ Aristocracy controlled the government and a plot was drafted to oust the government and place Napoleon in control.