2. Chapter 2 Classical Civilization: China Ms. Sheets University High School

3. Early Chinese settlement 1.7 million years ago –pre-historic hominids –southwest China –fossils provide evidence 500,000 years ago –Homo erectus; “Peking man” –Northern China (near Beijing)

4. Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BCE) first documented rule in China after Xia dynasty

5. Patterns in Classical China 3 dynasties covered many centuries –Zhou –Qin –Han Dynasty- family of kings The first dynasties were very strong, but over time became more unstable.

6. The Dynastic Cycle

7. Beginnings of feudalism Kingloyalty, military service, profits Nobles Peasantsprotection

8. Patterns in Classical China Over time, dynasties grew weak: –tax revenues declined –social divisions increased –Internal rebellions –periodic invasions When one dynasty declined, another dynasty would emerge –Usually dynasty would emerge from a family of a successful general, peasant rebellion –Dynasties are cyclical

9. Afro-Eurasia in 500 BCE

10. Zhou Dynasty 1029-258 BCE Came into China from the north and displaced the Shang dynasty. Declined because of political infrastructure and invasions; complete chaos for last few centuries Never established a powerful government Very long rule; ruled through alliances, regional princes and noble families

11. World in 350 BCE

12. Zhou Dynasty, cont. Based on an alliance system (feudalism) –Rulers gave land to family members –In exchange, tax revenues and military troops were to be provided –Depended on loyalties and obligations Extended territory of China –Moves into the Yangtze River valley Ruled based on “Mandate of Heaven” –The idea that heaven transferred power of the dynasties

13. Feudalism King/Emperor Lords (Loyal Supporters) Peasant Farmers (Serfs) Owns all of the land Holds supreme power over everyone Receives crops from Lords Rules land and Serfs Provides protection for Serfs Sends soldiers to fight for King Farm the land and keep some food Gave food to Lords for protection

14. Zhou Dynasty, cont. Promoted the use of one standard language –Mandarin Chinese Eventually, regional rulers formed independent armies Great thinkers try to restore order and social harmony through education Zhou dynasty ended after the Era of the Warring States (402-201 BCE)

15. Zhou Dynasty

16. Classical China Zhou Dynasty (1029-258) –Mandate of Heaven –Feudalism Decline of Zhou Dynasty –Confucianism –Daoism –Legalism Warring States Period –Kingdom of Qin began expanding during the 3 rd century BCE

17. Qin Dynasty (221-201 BCE) Qin Shi Huangdi- first emperor of the Qin dynasty –Took control of feudal estates, knew the problem with the Zhou dynasty laid within the feudal nobles who rules lands –Developed his own non-aristocratic officials to oversee provinces –Had powerful armies who crushed any uprisings –Brutal ruler

18. Qin Dynasty, cont. The Great Wall of China began construction –Over 3,000 miles long –Built to protect from outside invasion –Largest construction project in human history –Built by forced labor, many died

19. Qin Dynasty, cont. National census –Could calculate tax revenues and labor services more efficiently Standardized coinage, weights and measures Uniformed Chinese written script –Officially made a single, unified language Government furthered agriculture –New irrigation projects

20. Qin Dynasty (221-202 BCE) Used Legalism to restore order Land reforms weakened aristocracy –Peasants were given land rights to farm remote territories Centralized bureaucracy Unified China –Standardized script, laws, and weights & measures

21. Qin Dynasty, cont. Shi Huangdi was very unpopular among Chinese citizens –Burned books –Taxed heavily –Large military expansion After Shi Huangdi died, Qin dynasty ended

22. Afro-Eurasia in 200 BCE

23. Early Han Dynasty (202 BCE-9 CE) Founded by Liu Bang –Longest dynasty in Chinese History Conquered northern Vietnam, Korea, and Central Asia –Tribute System Monopolized iron, salt, and liquor

24. Han Wudi (Wu Ti) Ruled from 141-87 BCE –Supported Legalism Two Goals –Centralize government –Expand the empire Reforms –Expanded bureaucracy –Started an imperial university –Confucian examination system –Expanded the Silk Roads

25. Han Dynasty (201 BCE-220 CE) System of examinations to prepare civil servants Extensive expansion of Chinese territory Contact with India, Parthian Empire, Roman Empire Invasions and a weak central government ended the dynasty. –Invasions led by the Huns Between 220-589 CE, China was in a state of chaos

26. Han Dynasty

27. Political Institutions in China Most tightly governed people of any large society in the world Belief in unity and desirability of a central government Power of the emperor –Qin Shi Huangdi- provided single law code and uniform tax system –Qin and Han- strong local government Development of a educated, professional bureaucracy –Qin stressed central authority –Han expanded powers of bureaucracy Civil service tests for bureaucrats Expansion of state functions –Regulation of agricultural production to control costs –Government produced salts and iron

28. Political Institutions of China Strong patriarchal societies Individual families were linked through extended families Ancestor worship Not incredibly militaristic –Did not depend on expansion Standardization of weights and measures facilitated trade Government was able to reach the common people

29. Religion and Culture in China Rulers in the Zhou dynasty maintained a belief in a god or gods and stressed the importance of a harmonious earthly life Confucianism thought spread throughout China Daoism was known to be the spiritual alternative to Confucianism

30. Confucianism Chinese ethical and philosophical system based on relationships and personal virtue Developed from the teachings of Confucius (551-478 BCE) Focuses on human morality and wrong action Self regulation Focused on the proper exercise of political power by the rulers Analects of Confucius- words of Confucius About 6 million people still practice Confucianism in the world today; predominant philosophy in Classical China

31. Confucian Beliefs Confucian ethical teachings include the following values: Li: includes ritual, propriety, etiquette, etc. Hsiao: love within the family: love of parents for their children and of children for their parents Yi: righteousness Xin: honesty and trustworthiness Jen: benevolence, humaneness towards others; the highest Confucian virtue Chung: loyalty to the state, etc.

32. Main Ideas Restore social order, harmony and good government to China Ethical systems based on relationships and personal virtue Emphasized family – Filial piety - respect for parents and elders is necessary for order Early Zhou Dynasty was seen as perfect society – Inferiors devoted to service – Superiors looked after dependents

33. Confucianism Five Basic Relationships in Society – Ruler/Subject – Father/Son – Husband/Wife – Older Brother/Younger Brother – Friend/Friend Chinese gentleman - education and moral standards; birth status not important Bureaucracy - those who help run government – Courteous, precise, generous, just/fair

34. Legalism Qin and early Han periods Strict system of rewards and punishments Favors authoritarian state ruled by force Human nature is evil and required constraint, discipline Army to control people People to work for the government Never really worked in China, but saw itself in policies and ideologies

35. Legalism Practical, political reaction to Confucianism – Han Feizi - 3rd century BCE Powerful and efficient government is key to restoring order Laws will end civil war and restore harmony Rewards to good subjects and punish disobedient Rulers must control ideas and actions of people Favored by Shi Huangdi during Qin dyansty

36. Daoism Founded by Lao Tzu (5 th Century BCE) A more religious philosophy than Confucianism Promoted a set of ethics –Humility and frugal/humble living –Learning is irrelevant –Harmony with nature Secret rituals and ceremonies, mystery, magic People should follow certain, personal paths to self-knowledge Spiritual alternative to Confucianism Not as reliant on education and learning Many emperors favored Daoism

37. Chinese Art Mostly decorative Chinese calligraphy became popular. Artwork on bronze, pottery Carved jade, ivory Woven silk screens No monumental buildings or large monuments Great Wall Palaces and tombs

38. Terracotta Army Created around to 210 BCE defend Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi’s tomb Purpose: to help Shi Huangdi rule another empire in the afterlife Over 8,000 soldiers, 130 chariots, 520 horses were buried in four pits around the tomb Terracotta- clay-based unglazed ceramic Still excavating mausoleum

43. Science in China Emphasized practical over theoretical Accurate calendar (444 BCE) –365.5 days Adept at astronomy –Observed movements of Saturn and Jupiter Developed an early seismograph –Measures earthquake strength Medical research –Principals of hygiene and anatomical knowledge

44. Economy and Society in China Sharp and considerable gaps between the upper class and the majority of people Focused on agriculture; extol virtues of peasants –Yangtze River Valley provides wheat in north, rice in south, encouraged population growth

45. Economy and Society in China, cont. Social classes were passed down from one generation to the next –Very hierarchical society –Patriarchal –Tight family structures valued –Not permanent; could move up in social status

46. Social Groups in China 1. Landowning aristocracy and educated bureaucrats 2. Laboring masses: peasants and urban artisans –Farmer peasants –Manual labor –Produced manufactured goods 3. Mean (average) people: –Performing artists –Punished more harshly than other groups –Household slaves (very few people) –People with unskilled jobs

47. Trade in China Extensive internal trade Zhou and Han dynasties traded regularly Trade focused on luxury items –Silk, jewelry, leather goods, furniture Traded food between wheat and rice growing regions Copper coins Trade was not a focal point of Chinese society (Confucian value of learning, not making money)

48. Technological Advances in China Ox-drawn plows (300 BCE) –Collar created that did not choke the animal Iron mining –Use of pulleys to bring material from mine to surface Water-powered mills –Furthered manufacturing Paper –Helped the government

49. Families in China Agriculturally based Importance of unity Power of husbands and fathers Power of parents –Children could be punished severely for disobedience Role of women- could gain power through sons and gained power as mother-in-law Property rights- oldest male child inherited property