1. Memory

2. Memory Activities Concentration Tips to improve your memory

4. Recreate the scene you saw…

5. Memory The capacity to retain and retrieve information as well as the structures that account for this capacity. Allows us to: –Be competent –Convey a personal identity –Have a personal and cultural history –Helps guide decision-making

6. Memory Memory is selective –Usually disjointed Memory is reconstructive –We reproduce some information –But with complex information, we alter it in ways to help us make sense of it

7. “Fading Flashbulb” Some unusual events produce a strong memory –May seem frozen in time, with photographic detail –May not always be perfect Facts may be mixed in with other memories or stories from others

8. Eyewitnesses Watch the following video Answer the questions that are on the paper Summarize the events of the accident on the back of the paper

10. The Eyewitness Conundrum Eyewitness testimonies are not always reliable May have input from other sources Subtle word changes may affect a person’s perception Hit/crash & a/the Bugs Bunny experiment

11. Journal Why might eyewitness accounts be so unreliable? Use what you have learned about memory to explain your opinion.

12. Why Eyewitnesses Are Unreliable Re-imagining the event Corroboration with others Leading questions and unconscious influence from authorities Disjointed memory Conformity effect Double Identification effect

13. Source Misattribution The inability to distinguish an actual memory of an event from information you learned elsewhere. Think of a very early memory –Have you seen pictures or videos from that day that may have influenced you?

14. Confabulation Confusing an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you. –Thought, heard, or told others about the event many times –The event contains many details that make it feel real –The event is easy to imagine

15. Memory Abuse Read article about how behavior affects memory Answer questions about the article

16. Explicit Memory Conscious, intentional recollection of an event or item of information Recall - retrieve and reproduce information –fill-in-the-blank, memory games Recognition - identify information previously read, observed or heard –true/false, multiple choice

17. Recall Name the 7 dwarves

18. Recognition Check off the names of the 7 Dwarves BashfulWeepyBumpy DopeyHappyWheezy MickeySlumpyDoc SneezyMacGrumpy PappySleepyMopey

19. Implicit Memory Unconscious retention in memory, usually based on previous experience Relearning method - Learn a topic twice –If you learn faster the second time, you are clearly remembering from the first lesson Priming - a person reads or listens to information and is later tested to see if the information affects later performance

20. coldcurtainmoney suncandlellama chairwingink oxtreehouse tablerabbitgreen

22. Using Implicit and Explicit Memory How are the 2 types of memory useful outside of the academic field? Why would some companies take advantage of a person’s implicit memory? How is it possible to utilize a person’s implicit memory to manipulate them?

23. Memory The brain is most similar to a computer –You retrieve info when you need to use it –Organized into schemas (networks of topics)

24. Short Term Memory Limited capacity Brief period (30 seconds to few minutes) Also holds information retrieved from long- term memory

25. Long-Term Memory Lasts a few minutes to a decade –May even be permanent Unlimited capacity Information is organized Information passes between STM and LTM

26. Serial Positioning When shown a list of items, you are most likely to remember the items at the beginning and end of the list.

27. Book Tie Car Grass Chair Phone Leg Cat Answer Purse Bubble Feather Squid Graph Clone

28. Encoding Usually occurs without us thinking about it –Listening to others –Where things are in your locker Effortful Encoding (aka studying) –Memorizing the plot of a story –Learning specific facts

29. Rehearsal Repeating information over and over in order to remember it –Flashcards –Practicing a script –Forgetting a number or directions Elaborative rehearsal - associating new information with old to make it more memorable.

30. Mnemonics Strategies and tricks to remember information –Even Godzilla Buys Dog Food –30 days hath September… –ROYGBIV –Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally –My Very Excellent Mother Just Served Us Noodles

31. Mnemonics Acrostics/Phrases Acronyms Songs/rhymes Location Chunking Practicing

32. Memory Experiment Using the strategies discussed today, think of a NEW way to study for an upcoming test/quiz. Write down your strategy, what you are studying for, materials you will use, and how it differs from your normal routine. After the test/quiz: record how effective you think the strategy was, and if you would be willing to use the strategy for other exams. –Use full sentences, explain your answers

33. Why We Forget Decay Replacement Interference Cue-Dependent Forgetting Repression/Amnesia –Childhood amnesia

34. Decay Memory fades with time unless we rehearse them Some memories do remain because of emotional significance Some memories can also randomly stick around

35. Replacement New information drives out the old Leading questions can change your memory

36. Interference Specific memories are confused with similar ones –Names –addresses

37. Cue-Dependent Forgetting You remember better if you can repeat the environment that you learned in –Same: seatpeople around timetemperature noisesphysical state ** may explain déjà vu - similar scene from a book, movie, dream etc.

38. Repression - Amnesia Repression - involuntary pushing of threatening info into the unconscious Amnesia - partial or total loss of memory for an important personal reason –Psychogenic Lose entire memory for several weeks Occurs after shock, embarrassment, shame etc –Traumatic Forget specific events for long parts of time Memory returns with high accuracy

39. Childhood Amnesia Tendency to forget events that happened in the first 4 years of life There are fewer memories for ages 0-8 than any other stage in a person’s life Possible Explanations: –fewer connections between neurons –Lower ability to understand the world

40. Study Guide Eyewitness conundrum Source Misattribution Confabulation Explicit (recall, recognition) Implicit (re-learning, priming) Short Term Long Term (mnemonics, serial positioning, chunking) State dependent memory Forgetting Amnesia Repression