1. YESHA PATEL

3. GENERAL What is it? Highly contagious viral infection that can lead to paralysis What causes it? poliomyelitis virus that targets motor neurons Who gets it? Young and vulnerable Clinically suspected in those with Acute onset of flaccid paralysis Absent tendon reflexes

4. CLASSIFICATION Symptomatic Nonparalytic polio Paralytic polio (~0.1 – 2% of case) Spinal polio Bulbar polio Bulbospinal polio Asymptomatic (~95% of cases)

7. SYMPTOMS General Headache Sore throat Fever Vomiting General discomfort Non-paralytic Abnormal reflexes Difficulty swallowing Joint stiffness Muscle tenderness Paralytic Loss of reflexes Severe spasms and muscle pain Floppy limbs Sudden paralysis Deformed limbs

8. TREATMENT No cure for polio Goal of treatment: relieve symptoms Antibiotics Analgesics Long term rehabilitation Occupational and physical therapy Corrective braces, shoes Surgery

9. TRANSMISSION Highly contagious Primarily spreads via the fecal-oral route. Occasionally oral-oral route Most infectious 7-10 days before and after appearance of symptoms Immune deficiency, malnutrition, and injury increase risk of transmission and infection Can cross maternal-fetal barrier

10. PREVENTION Passive immunization Purified gamma globulin from survivors Vaccines 3 types Inactivated poliovirus vaccine Salk Vaccine Live and attenuated poliovirus vaccine Sabin Vaccine Oral polio vaccine

11. POLIO 1996

12. POLIO TODAY

13. Proportion of children seroconverting to each serotype after 1 dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), plotted against age at administration. Grassly N C J Infect Dis. 2014 © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

14. Proportion of children seroconverting to each serotype after 2 doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), plotted against age at administration of the first dose. Grassly N C J Infect Dis. 2014 © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

15. REFERENCES Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Global Health – Polio. Web. Accessed 20 March 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/polio/ Grassly N C J Infect Dis. 2014 Johnson, Shannon. Polio. Healthline 2012. Web. Accessed 20 March 2014. Poliomyelitis (2011). PubMed Health. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002375/ Smithsonian. How the Poliovirus Works. Web. Accessed 26 March 2014. http://amhistory.si.edu/polio/virusvaccine/how.htm World Health Organizaiton. Health Topics – Poliomyelitis (Polio). Web. Accessed 20 March 2014. http://www.who.int/topics/poliomyelitis/en/