1. Hydrogen Fuel Cell & Photovoltaics

2. Photovoltaics

4. PV Cell

6. Conversion Efficiency

7. PV Array Components o PV Cells o Modules o Arrays

8. PV System Components

9. Net Metering

10. Net Metering Participation

11. PV Array Fields

13. Source: Solarbuzz, a part of The NPD Group

14. Clean Sustainable Free Provide electricity to remote places Advantages of Solar Energy

15. Disadvantages of Solar Energy Less efficient and costly equipment Part Time Reliability Depends On Location Environmental Impact of PV Cell Production

16. Hydrogen Fuel Cells The NEED Project: 30 Years of Energy Education

17. Trends in the Use of Fuel

18. 19 th century: steam engine 20 th century: internal combustion engine 21 st century: fuel cells A varied range of organizations, from energy companies to automobile manufacturers, are working to develop fuel cells and the accompanying infrastructure. A trend in the production of power is clearly visible:

19. The History of Fuel Cells ElectrolyserGrove’s Gas Battery (first fuel cell, 1839) (after Larminie and Dicks, 2000)

20. Bacon’s laboratory in 1955 Photo courtesy of University of Cambridge

21. NASA Space Shuttle fuel cell Photo courtesy of NASA

22. Applications for Fuel Cells Transportation vehicles Photo courtesy of DaimlerChrysler NECAR 5

23. Distributed power stations Photo courtesy of Ballard Power Systems 250 kW distributed cogeneration power plant Applications for Fuel Cells

24. Home power Photo courtesy of Plug Power 7 kW home cogeneration power plant Applications for Fuel Cells

25. Portable power 50 W portable fuel cell with metal hydride storage Applications for Fuel Cells

26. The Science of Fuel Cells Phosphoric Acid (PAFC) Alkaline (AFC) Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEMFC) Direct Methanol (DMFC) Solid Oxide (SOFC) Molten Carbonate (MCFC) Types of Fuel Cells Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEMFC) Direct Methanol (DMFC) Solid Oxide (SOFC)

27. PEM Fuel Cell Electrochemical Reactions Anode: H 2 2H + + 2e - (oxidation) Cathode: 1/2 O 2 + 2e - + 2H + H 2 O (l) (reduction) Overall Reaction: H 2 + 1/2 0 2 H 2 O (l) ΔH = - 285.8 kJ/mole

28. Hydrogen + Oxygen  Electricity + Water Water A Simple PEM Fuel Cell

29. Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) O 2 2H 2 O 4H + Nafion 4e - 2 K H 2 O 2 H 2 O 2H 2 4H + Nafion 4e - O 2 2H 2 O 4H + Nafion 4e - Nafion H + Catalysis Transport Resistance Anode Cathode Polymer electrolyte (i.e. Nafion) Carbon cloth Platinum- catalyst Platinum- catalyst Oxidation Reduction

30. Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (after Larminie and Dicks, 2000) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) chains Sulphonic Acid 50-175 microns (2-7 sheets of paper) Water collects around the clusters of hydrophylic sulphonate side chains

31. Hydrogen Storage 56 L 14 L 9.9 L Liters to store 1 kg hydrogen Compressed gas (200 bar) Liquid hydrogenMgH 2 metal hydride

32. Hydrogen: Energy Forever Fuel tankReformer H2H2 Hydrogen bottles H2H2 H2H2 H2H2 Algae H2H2 Hydrogen bottles H2H2 Solar panel Electrolyser

33. Renewable Energy Sources As long as the sun shines, the wind blows, or the rivers flow, there can be clean, safe, and sustainable electrical power, where and when required, with a solar hydrogen energy system

34. Benefits of Fuel Cells Modular Clean Quiet Sustainable Efficient Safe The Benefits of Fuel Cells

35. Heliocentris: Science education through fuel cells 35 Our Fragile Planet. We have the responsibility to mind the planet so that the extraordinary natural beauty of the Earth is preserved for generations to come. Photo courtesy of NASA