2. Lighting Systems: Lamps for Special Applications Chapter 4 © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.

3. Chapter 4 Lighting Systems © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 2 Specialty Lamps Remote source illumination systems: –Fiber optics Neon lamps Electroluminescent lamps: –Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)

4. Chapter 4 Lighting Systems © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 3 Remote Source Illumination Systems – Fiber Optics Remote source for illumination Light source in an “illuminator” Directional lamp: –Usually metal halide or tungsten-halogen Some use LEDs Optical fibers bundled at the “port” Fibers made from glass or plastic End- or side-emitting tubes

5. Chapter 4 Lighting Systems © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 4 Fiber Optics Hundreds of optical fibers used in system Light illuminates by total internal reflection Glass is preferred: –Transmits excellent color –High transmission –Lasts longer –Requires minimum maintenance

6. Chapter 4 Lighting Systems © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 5 Fiber Optics End fittings in a variety of finishes and styles: –Fixed or adjustable downlight –Very small ~ 2 ” diameter –“Crystal” end fittings produce sparkle Longest fibers made from plastic (up to 100) Special effects: –Wheels provide color changes or twinkling –Color changes and dimming

7. Chapter 4 Lighting Systems © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 6 Fiber Optics

8. Chapter 4 Lighting Systems © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 7 Fiber Optics Advantages: –Safety –Ease of maintenance –Low transmission of heat –Very small amounts of IR and UV wavelengths –Excellent choice for heat-sensitive products: Artwork Decorative objects Fragile museum artifacts

9. Chapter 4 Lighting Systems © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 8 Fiber Optics Fibers only transmit light and do not have an electrical current Can be placed in wet spaces: –Swimming pools –Ponds –Saunas –Spas –Steam rooms –Showers

10. Chapter 4 Lighting Systems © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 9 Neon Lamps Production process: –Neon design drawn on asbestos –Craftsperson bends heated glass into shapes of design –Electrode is placed at each end of the glass –Air is partially removed and replaced with an inert gas mixed with a small amount of mercury –Neon and argon are the most common –A transformer is directed to electrodes

11. Chapter 4 Lighting Systems © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 10 Neon Lamps Color produced is dependent upon: –Color of the glass –Gases –Phosphors that might be coated on the inside of the tubes –Combinations can produce over 150 colors: Neon gas produces a red-orange color Argon with mercury creates a bright blue color

12. Chapter Lighting Systems © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 11 Neon and Cold Cathode Lamps –Low heat –Wide assortment of colors –Low maintenance –Extremely long life (30+ years of daily use) –No warm-up period –Consumes very little electricity –Can be used indoors and outdoors in a variety of weather conditions and temperatures –Most common use is advertising

15. Chapter 4 Lighting Systems © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 14 Electroluminescent Lamps Lamps used for instrument panels and liquid crystal displays Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) Characteristics of electroluminescent: –Lightweight –Long life –Require high-voltage drivers –Use very little electricity –Some lamps have operated over 10 years

16. Chapter 4 Lighting Systems © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 15 LEDs Semi-conductor device: –Chemical chip embedded in a plastic capsule Volt from a direct current energizes chip and light is visible Transformer is needed to operate lamps with a direct current Light is focused or scattered by using lenses or diffusers

17. Chapter 4 Lighting Systems © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 16 LEDs Chemical chip embedded in a plastic capsule

18. Chapter 4 Lighting Systems © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 17 LEDs Chemicals in chip determine color of light: –First colors were red, green, and amber –In recent years, blue has enabled the production of white –White is made by combining red, green, and blue LEDs in one unit

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