2. Module 24 Encoding: Getting Information In

3. Encoding EffortfulAutomatic

4. Encoding  Automatic Processing  unconscious encoding of incidental information  space  time  frequency  well-learned information  word meanings  we can learn automatic processing  reading backwards

5. Encoding  Effortful Processing  requires attention and conscious effort  Rehearsal  conscious repetition of information  to maintain it in consciousness  to encode it for storage

6. Encoding Activity - Song  The gifts are repeated, those at the beginning are repeated more often. The first gift is repeated 12 times.

7. Encoding  Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables  TUV ZOF GEK WAV  the more times practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2  Spacing Effect  distributed practice yields better long- term retention than massed practice

8. Ebbinghaus forgetting curve Method: Ebbinghaus taught himself nonsense syllables until he could recall perfectly. Then tested himself at various intervals to determine how much he forgot. %savings What is the point? Cramming is a bad idea

9. Encoding 20 15 10 5 0 8162432425364 Time in minutes taken to relearn list on day 2 Number of repetitions of list on day 1

10. Encoding: SPEffect Activity – U.S. Presidents Star Spangled Banner

11. You will see a list of words displayed one at a time. After you see the last word, you will be asked to write down as many of the words as you can recall. You do not have to write down the words in the order you saw them.

12. *******

13. PLANT

14. SEA

15. WOODS

16. ARM

17. BABY

18. FUR

19. BLOOD

20. CHAIR

21. QUEEN

22. BAR

23. TOWN

24. COAST

25. SUGAR

26. MARKET

27. GRASS

28. GIRL

29. SKY

30. WOMAN

31. FENCE

32. WALLET

33. PANTRY

34. Write all the words you can recall in any order

35. STOP

36. First words PLANT SEA WOODS ARM BABY FUR BLOOD Last words GRASS GIRL SKY WOMAN FENCE WALLET PANTRY Middle words CHAIR QUEEN BAR TOWN COAST SUGAR MARKET LIST 1: STANDARD PROCEDURE

37. You will see another list of words displayed one at a time. After you see the last word, you see instructions to count backwards out loud by 3s from 999. You will then be asked to write down as many of the words as you can recall. You do not have to write down the words in the order you saw them.

38. *******

39. DRESS

40. MONKEY

41. BAKERY

42. QUART

43. APPLE

44. FLAG

45. LIP

46. HOUSE

47. DESK

48. PEARL

49. STREET

50. HILL

51. SHIP

52. ROCK

53. MEAT

54. COTTON

55. SEAT

56. FOREST

57. PAPER

58. STATUE

59. LEAF

60. Count backwards out loud by 3’s from 999

61. Write all the words you can recall in any order

62. STOP

63. First words DRESS MONKEY BAKERY QUART APPLE FLAG LIP Middle words HOUSE DESK PEARL STREET HILL SHIP ROCK Last words MEAT COTTON SEAT FOREST PAPER STATUE LEAF LIST 2: DISTRACTOR TASK

64. You will see one more list of words. This time, the words will be displayed at a faster rate than before. At the end of the list, you will be asked to write down as many of the words as you can recall. You do not have to write down the words in the order you saw them.

65. *******

66. GOLD

67. FLOWER

68. ENGINE

69. TABLE

70. PAPER

71. DUST

72. CORN

73. MONEY

74. CAT

75. WIFE

76. DOLLAR

77. MATCH

78. CELLAR

79. WING

80. OCEAN

81. SHIRT

82. BUTLER

83. COFFEE

84. ANIMAL

85. STONE

86. GARDEN

87. Write all the words you can recall in any order

88. STOP

89. First words GOLD FLOWER ENGINE TABLE PAPER DUST CORN Last words OCEAN SHIRT BUTLER COFFEE ANIMAL STONE GARDEN Middle words MONEY CAT WIFE DOLLAR MATCH CELLAR WING LIST 3: FAST PRESENTATION RATE

90. Encoding: Serial Position Effect 12 Percent age of words recalled 0 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Position of word in list 1234567891011 Serial Position Effect-tendency to recall best the last items in a list

91. What Do We Encode?  Semantic Encoding  encoding of meaning  including meaning of words  Acoustic Encoding  encoding of sound  especially sound of words  Visual Encoding  encoding of picture images

92. Encoding

93. Activity - Encoding or List  Why does this work?  When you think about meaning you remember better.  It gives you a way of distinguishing the material. What Do We Encode?

94. Encoding  Imagery  mental pictures  a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding  Is the heart of many memory aids like  Mnemonics  memory aids  especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

95. Encoding  Chunking  organizing items into familiar, manageable units  like horizontal organization--1776149218121941  often occurs automatically  use of acronyms  HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior  ARITHMETIC--A Rat In Tom’s House Might Eat Tom’s Ice Cream

96. Encoding: Chunking  Organized information is more easily recalled

97. Encoding  Hierarchies  complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories Encoding (automatic or effortful) Imagery (visual Encoding) Meaning (semantic Encoding) Organization ChunksHierarchies