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4. Types of Forgetting Amnesia Transience and Encoding Failure The Process of Forgetting Memory > The Process of Forgetting Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/psychology?campaign_content=book_5997_section_50&campaign_term=Psychology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_me dium=direct&utm_source=boundless

5. Proactive and retroactive interference can impact how well we are able to recall a memory. These conflicting memories assist in causing us to "forget" the memory we want to recall. Not consistently reviewing, or not having to often recall, a memory will lead to memory decay, which will ultimately result in a person forgetting that memory. Memories form around more than just events; they are also influenced by whether information is important and relevant. This is further influenced by interpretation, perception, and emotions. Types of Forgetting Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/alternative-to-essentials-of-understanding-psychology-9th-robert-feldman-007760671x- 9780077606718/memory-6/the-process-of-forgetting-50/types-of-forgetting-212- 12756?campaign_content=book_5997_section_50&campaign_term=Psychology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source= boundless Memory over time View on Boundless.com Memory > The Process of Forgetting

6. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to create new memories; long-term memories from before the event remain intact. However, memories that were not fully consolidated from before the event may also be lost. Retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall memories from before the onset of amnesia. A person may be able to encode new memories after the event, and they are more likely to remember general knowledge rather than specifics. Source amnesia is the inability to remember where, when, or how previously learned information was acquired, but the factual knowledge is retained. Source confusion is misremembering of the source of a memory. The individual does not forget the source but rather remembers it inaccurately. An example is when an individual claims a memory is from their own experience when it is actually a story they heard. Amnesia Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/alternative-to-essentials-of-understanding-psychology-9th-robert-feldman-007760671x- 9780077606718/memory-6/the-process-of-forgetting-50/amnesia-213- 12757?campaign_content=book_5997_section_50&campaign_term=Psychology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source= boundless Amnesia View on Boundless.com Memory > The Process of Forgetting

7. Memory storage is the the retention of information, achieved through the encoding process. Memory is the recall of not only events but also perceptions, interpretations, and emotions. Memories are encoded and remembered based on how a person internalizes information as perceptions, interpretations, and emotions. Transience refers to the general deterioration of a specific memory over time. Much more can be remembered of recent events than of those further in the past. Transience and Encoding Failure Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/alternative-to-essentials-of-understanding-psychology-9th-robert-feldman-007760671x- 9780077606718/memory-6/the-process-of-forgetting-50/transience-and-encoding-failure-214- 12758?campaign_content=book_5997_section_50&campaign_term=Psychology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source= boundless Making a Memory View on Boundless.com Memory > The Process of Forgetting

8. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Appendix

9. Key terms anterograde amnesia The inability to remember new information since the amnesic episode. encode To convert sensory input into a form able to be processed and deposited in the memory. proactive interference When past memories inhibit an individual's full potential to retain new memories. retroactive interference When newly learned information interferes with and impedes the recall of previously learned information. retrograde amnesia The loss of memories from the period before the amnesic episode. source confusion The unconscious transference involving the misattribution of the source of a memory. trace decay theory The theory that if memories are not reviewed or recalled consistently, they will begin to decay and will ultimately be forgotten. transience The quality of being transient, temporary, brief or fleeting. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Memory

10. Memory interference Both old and new memories can impact how well we are able to recall a memory. This is known as proactive and retroactive interference. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikibooks. "Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Memory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Memory#Forgetting_and_False_Memory View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Memory#Forgetting_and_False_MemoryView on Boundless.com Memory

11. Memory over time Over time, a memory becomes harder to remember. A memory is freshest at the start, and without repetition, begins to be forgotten. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikibooks. "Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Memory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Memory#Forgetting_and_False_Memory View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Memory#Forgetting_and_False_MemoryView on Boundless.com Memory

12. Amnesia There are two main forms of amnesia: retrograde and anterograde. Retrograde prevents recall of information before a brain injury, and anterograde prevents recall of information after a brain injury. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikibooks. "Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Memory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Memory#Amnesia View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Memory#AmnesiaView on Boundless.com Memory

13. Making a Memory To form a memory in the brain, information must first be encoded and stored before it can be recalled for later use. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Memory card." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Memory_card.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Memory_card.jpgView on Boundless.com Memory

14. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Memory Seventy-five-year-old William has not thought about his high school classmates in many years, and finds, when he looks at his class picture, that he cannot remember most of the names. What is a possible reason for this? A) Memory decay B) All of these C) Proactive interference D) Retroactive interference

15. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Memory Seventy-five-year-old William has not thought about his high school classmates in many years, and finds, when he looks at his class picture, that he cannot remember most of the names. What is a possible reason for this? A) Memory decay B) All of these C) Proactive interference D) Retroactive interference

16. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Memory Amanda has heard her husband tell the same story about his childhood so many times, she eventually starts to attribute it to her own childhood. This is an example of _________. A) Source amnesia B) Hypnotic suggestion C) Memory distrust D) Source confusion

17. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Memory Amanda has heard her husband tell the same story about his childhood so many times, she eventually starts to attribute it to her own childhood. This is an example of _________. A) Source amnesia B) Hypnotic suggestion C) Memory distrust D) Source confusion

18. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Memory Which of the following is true regarding retrograde amnesia? A) A person with retrograde amnesia will be unable to recall memories after the event. B) A person with retrograde amnesia will be unable to create new memories. C) A person with retrograde amnesia will be able to encode new memories after the event. D) Retrograde amnesia typically results from damage to the hippocampus.

19. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Memory Which of the following is true regarding retrograde amnesia? A) A person with retrograde amnesia will be unable to recall memories after the event. B) A person with retrograde amnesia will be unable to create new memories. C) A person with retrograde amnesia will be able to encode new memories after the event. D) Retrograde amnesia typically results from damage to the hippocampus.

20. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Memory You have spent hours learning your calculus lesson. The best way to ensure you remember all that you've learned would be to: A) Decrease serotonin levels to help with encoding. B) Make relevant associations between the info and things you already know. Also, get some sleep. C) Try electroconvulsive therapy to trigger encoded memories. D) Decrease glutamate levels so that the information is more accessible in long-term memory.

21. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Memory You have spent hours learning your calculus lesson. The best way to ensure you remember all that you've learned would be to: A) Decrease serotonin levels to help with encoding. B) Make relevant associations between the info and things you already know. Also, get some sleep. C) Try electroconvulsive therapy to trigger encoded memories. D) Decrease glutamate levels so that the information is more accessible in long-term memory.

22. Attribution Wikibooks. "Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Memory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Memory#Forgetting_and_False_MemoryCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Memory#Forgetting_and_False_Memory Wikipedia. "Interference theory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interference_theoryCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interference_theory Wikipedia. "Interference theory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interference_theoryCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interference_theory Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//psychology/definition/trace-decay-theoryCC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//psychology/definition/trace-decay-theory Wikipedia. "retroactive interference." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/retroactive%20interferenceCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/retroactive%20interference Wikipedia. "proactive interference." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/proactive%20interferenceCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/proactive%20interference Wikipedia. "List of memory biases." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_memory_biasesCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_memory_biases Wikipedia. "Amnesia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmnesiaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesia Wikipedia. "Amnesia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmnesiaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesia Wikibooks. "Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Memory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Memory#AmnesiaCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Memory#Amnesia Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//psychology/definition/source-confusionCC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//psychology/definition/source-confusion Wiktionary. "anterograde amnesia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anterograde+amnesiaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anterograde+amnesia Wiktionary. "retrograde amnesia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/retrograde+amnesiaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/retrograde+amnesia Wikibooks. "Cognitive Science: An Introduction/How Cognitive Science Can Help You Get Through School." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Science:_An_Introduction/How_Cognitive_Science_Can_Help_You_Get_Through_Scho olCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Science:_An_Introduction/How_Cognitive_Science_Can_Help_You_Get_Through_Scho ol Wikibooks. "Hypnosis/Chapters/Memory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Hypnosis/Chapters/MemoryCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Hypnosis/Chapters/Memory Wikibooks. "Hypnosis/Chapters/Uses." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Hypnosis/Chapters/Uses#Memory_and_modelsCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Hypnosis/Chapters/Uses#Memory_and_models Wikipedia. "The Seven Sins of Memory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seven_Sins_of_MemoryCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seven_Sins_of_Memory Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Memory

23. Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//psychology/definition/encodeCC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//psychology/definition/encode Wiktionary. "transience." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transienceCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transience Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Memory