1. Respiration What do you remember? Definition ...... occurs in ...
2 types
Equation?
Equation?
Reactants  Products
Reactants  Products
Extra Bonus Marks – Interestingly .....
What do you remember?

2. Learning Outcomes Define cellular respiration
Identify the energy source in cells and within a molecule of ATP
Understand the link of ATP between catabolic and anabolic reactions
Explain the process of phosphrylation
Potential for LO3

3. Cellular Respiration
Definition – Biochemical process by which energy-rich substrate molecules (foodstuff) are progressively broken down in enzymatic pathways to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP, high energy compound)
Foodstuff is usually glucose. Glucose is broken down in a series of enzyme controlled steps.
Hydrogen and high energy electrons are removed by dehydrogenase enzymes and used to yield ATP.

4. What is ATP? Adenosine Triphosphate is a molecule composed of:
1 x Adenosine (adenosine)
3 x inorganic phosphate (Pi)
Guess what it would be called with only 2 phosphates? 1 phosphate? Pi Pi Pi
Adenosine
3 Inorganic Phosphate Groups
Bonds contain energy
How could it release energy?

5. Energy Release & ADP A Adenosine Triphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate
When the terminal bond is broken energy is released.
1 Free Inorganic Phosphate
Molecule
Adenosine Triphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate A Pi Pi Pi
2 (di-) Inorganic Phosphate molecules
Adenosine Molecule
Energy released when bond breaks
Inorganic Phosphate molecules
1 phosphate – adenosine monophosphate

6. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Main energy carrier molecule in the body (and all living things).
ATP is used to transfer (links) the energy released (catabolic) from cellular respiration to synthetic pathways (anabolic) and other cellular processes where energy is required
Which cells/processes need energy?
Carbon dioxide and water
ATP
Amino acids
energy
energy
CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
ENERGY
TRANSFER
SYNTHETIC
PATHWAY
energy
energy
Protein
Glucose and oxygen
ADP +Pi

7. Uses of ATP in cells are:
Muscle cell
Image source:
Image source:
Liver cell
Muscle contraction
Driving chemical reactions
Active transport
Synthesis of e.g. protein
Transmission of nerve impulses
Image source:
Sperm cell
Nerve cell
Image source:

8. Bioluminescence Demonstration - Luminescence is emission of light by a substance not resulting from heat; it is thus a form of cold body radiation

9. ADD ATP

11. Fluoro Fish

12. ATP
2 million molecules of ATP per second is needed to satisfy energy requirements for an active cell (such as liver/muscle etc)!
How and where is it stored?

13. Phosphorylation at step 3 catalysed by
Not stored! Rapid turnover of ATP molecules occurs continuously in a cell.
Remains quite constant as the same amount is made that is used up (~50g)
Cell conserves resources by only producing ATP when needed – it is another example of feedback inhibition .
ATP and citric acid inhibit phosphofructikinase
ATP
Glucose (6C)
ATP
Phosphorylation at step 1
ADP+ Pi
ATP & citric acid inhibit phosphofructikinase! So go back to intermediate 2
Other metabolic pathways (eg. stored as glycogen)
Intermediate 1
Intermediate 2
ATP
Phosphorylation at step 3 catalysed by
phosphofructokinase
Irreversible step
ADP+ Pi
Intermediate 3
Citric Acid Cycle & Electron Transport Chain

14. Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation is process which is enzyme controlled where a phosphate group (Pi) is added to a molecule.
ATP
ADP +Pi
Build-up energy required
Breakdown energy released

15. Phosphorylation
Not only making ATP is called phophorylation (remember post translational modifiction of proteins), also when Pi from ATP given to another molecule in a metabolic pathway it makes them more reactive. For example glucose in glycolysis
The phosphorylation of molecules to alter their reactivity.
ATP
ADP +Pi
Glucose
Glucose-6-phosphate
(high energy)

16. Advantages of ATP Instant source of energy in the cell
Releases energy in small amounts as needed
It is mobile and transports chemical energy to where it is needed IN the cell
Universal energy carrier and can be used in many different chemical reactions

17. Complete your exit slip before you go
ATP Exit cards
Draw/label ATP
Complete the following equation:
ATP  _____ + ________ + _______
The process name of adding a phosphate?
What happens to the molecules then?
Name 3 process that need ATP;