1. The Industrial Revolution
An Overview

2. Let’s FOCUS!
Quietly, look around the room and list in your notes 3 things in this room not made in a factory.

3. Production Before The Industrial Revolution: Food
All goods were made by hand or grown on the farm.
Farmers grew just enough food to survive.
Surpluses might be exchanged for goods made in towns
Elaborate on what farming and food production was like in England at this time. Farming was done on small plots of land leased to the farmers. If the farmers didn’t live on the land, then they lived in villages near the land.

4. Production Before: Essential Goods
Most necessities, such as clothing, furniture, and tools, were made on the farm or in small shops in the towns and villages.
Materials came from the farm or surrounding areas.
Everything was handmade, one item at a time.

5. Production Before: Essential Goods
Manufacturing in towns
Some items were made in towns in guild shops
Guilds were associations of craftsmen in a certain profession
Craftsmen used simple tools to make cloth, hardware, leather goods, etc.
Items were, essentially, hand made.
Items were often exchanged for food from the farms
Remember that many small towns and villages were once part of the manor, which needed craftsmen to make specialized items, like iron goods, bread, pottery, etc. As these societies made the transition from the Middle Ages to modern times, towns and villages became independent with town charters. The craftsmen grouped together into guilds to insure that the products were uniform in quality and utility.

6. Population Before Less than 10% of people lived in towns
Most lived in small settlements in the countryside
The majority were farmers leasing small plots of land from landowners
Life revolved around the agricultural seasons

7. Family Life: Before The extended family
Large families were needed to work the farms
Families often consisted of
Grandparents
Parents
Many children (4-8 would be the average)
Uncles and aunts
Cousins
Sons followed the father’s trade
Girls did the work of their mother
Little change from generation to generation
This slide provides a contrast to the answers to the questions from the previous slide.

8. Family Life: Before Living conditions were hard for most people
Life revolved around the success of the crops.
Most people were malnourished and susceptible to diseases.
Frequent diseases and epidemics kept the population relatively stable.
Life expectancy was about years.
Marriage and child bearing occurred during the teenage period.

9. Working: Before
Boys worked in the fields and helped make tools and other necessary implements.
Girls worked at home doing necessary chores, such as making clothes, baskets, cooking, cleaning, etc.
There was little or no pay other than a place to live and food to eat.
Everyone helped out at an early age.

10. Traditional Farming Methods
List all of the MACHINES in the picture.
How many POWER SOURCES are in the picture?
What SOCIAL CLASSES are represented here?
Using the picture, write a sentence describing life before industrialization.

11. Government: Before
Monarchs, great landowners, rich merchants, and clergy had most of the power in government.
Even in elected governments, like Britain’s Parliament, the representatives were males who paid large amount of taxes.
People that did not own land and pay taxes had no voice in government.
Common people, especially women, had no input.

12. Overview of Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution creates great wealth but also great social and economic inequality, prompting a backlash of political, social, and economic reforms
The roots of the Industrial Revolution was a gradual process. “Roots of the Industrial Revolution could be found in the following: (1) The Commercial Revolution ( ), which spurred the great economic growth of Europe, brought about by the Age of Discovery and Exploration, which in turn helped solidify the doctrines of mercantilism; (2) the effect of the Scientific Revolution, which produced the first wave of mechanical inventions and technological advances; (3) the increase in population in Europe from 140 million people in 1750 to 266 million people by the mid-part of the nineteenth century; (4) the political and social revolutions of the nineteenth century, which gave rise to the “middle class,” and provided the leadership for the economic revolution.” Taken from AP European History, REA Association, p. 92

13. Useful words
Urbanization
Urbanization – Movement of people from rural areas to cities.
Capitalism
Economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit.

14. Industrial Revolution
Definition
the shift from making goods by hand to making them by machine
The Industrial Revolution left its mark on society. Economic activity becomes more specialized. Economic production changed from the cottage industry to a more impersonal environment at factories.

15. In what country did the Industrial Revolution begin?
Britain in the
1780’s

16. Why did the Revolution begin in Britain?
Because Britain had the 3 factors for production necessary for industrialisation

17. What are the 3 factors of production?
land
labour
capital
Each of the 3 factors of production are explained in detail in the next few slides.

18. Land includes Natural resources such as:
water power and coal to fuel new machines
iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings
rivers for inland transportation
harbours from which merchant ships set sail
The danger is exploiting the land and its natural/mineral resources leading to deforestation and other environmental pollution.

19. Labour An increase in population created a surplus of workers
enclosed farms pushed farmers off the land and into the cities
British workers were generally more skilled, earned higher wages, and had more income to buy more goods and services than anyone else living in Continental Europe. Moreover, technology pushed people from the farms to the cities. This sense of desperation to survive led many to try new means of economic production, which generally included being forced to work in environments that were foreign to them- the factory.

20. Capital
A strong economic and political stability in England encouraged private investment
banks gave loans to invest in new machinery and to expand operations
business people invested in the manufacturing of new inventions
England also had a thriving share of international trading partners which provided capital for investments in factories and other forms of economic activities in England. Britain was also a creditor nation and its capital allowed its citizens the flexibility to experiment with loans that could potentially increase its production output.

21. Urbanization
In the mid 1700s, more than half the population of Britain lived and worked on farms.
Between 1750 and 1851, displaced farming families moved to the cities to work in the new factories.

24. Urban Living Conditions
Factory owners rushed to build housing
Back to back row houses
Several people in very small spaces
Poor sanitation
High disease rates
Crime
Massive pollution

25. What was the first industry to be transformed by the revolution?
Textile industry - Britain’s textile industry clothed the world in wool, in linen, and cotton.

26. Major inventions in the textile industry
Inventions which transformed the manufacture of cloth
flying shuttle
spinning jenny
water powered spinning wheels
For centuries handloom weaving had been carried out on the basis of the shuttle bearing the yarn being passed slowly and awkwardly from one hand to the other. In 1733 John Kay patented his flying shuttle that dramatically increased the speed of this process. Kay placed shuttle boxes at each side of the loom connected by a long board, known as a shuttle race. By means of cords attached to a picking peg, a single weaver, using one hand, could cause the shuttle to be knocked back and forth across the loom from one shuttle box to the other. A weaver using Kay's flying shuttle could produce much wider cloth at faster speeds than before.

27. Willowing Machine
Willowing was the breaking up of raw cotton and removing impurities. Willowing machines first began to be used at the end of the 18th century. The machine contained a large drum filled with iron spikes, which loosened and separated the fibers, and a powerful fan which blew away the dust and other impurities through a large pipe.

28. Spinning Jenny
The Spinning Jenny was an 18th century cotton spinning machine designed by James Hargreaves in
By turning a single wheel, the operator could now spin eight threads at once.

29. Power Loom
This invention made it possible for weaving to become a large-scale factory based industry. Before the invention of the power loom it was handloom weavers who made cloth. These were men who worked in the basements of their homes using wooden hand powered looms to weave cloth

30. Flyer Spinning Frame
Introduced by Richard Arkwright in 1769, the flyer spinning frame is powered by the drive wheel at the bottom, drawing out the fiber into thread, then twisting it as it is wound onto the bobbins.

31. Water Powered Mill
Water turned the paddles of a wheel, which in turn moved grinding stones or other mechanical devices.

34. Developments in Britain had an impact on the rest of the world
Example:
Britain’s cotton came from plantations in the American South, where cotton production skyrocketed in response to demand from the textile mills in Britain.

35. Transportation expands
Invention of the steam engine, which connected consumers, producers, and suppliers
Construction of canals
Railroads, which promoted the iron and steel industries, where the Bessemer Process was introduced
Construction of better roads
The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron. The process is named after its inventor, Henry Bessemer, who took out a patent on the process in 1855 key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation through air being blown through the molten iron. The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten.

36. James Watt’s Steam Engine: World Changing Invention
James Watt's improvements in 1769 and 1784 to the steam engine converted a machine of limited use, to one of efficiency and many applications.

37. James Watt’s Steam Engine: World Changing Invention
Watt’s improved steam engine was the foremost energy source in the emerging Industrial Revolution, and greatly multiplied its productive capacity.

38. James Watt’s Steam Engine: World Changing Invention
Watt was a creative genius who radically transformed the world from an agricultural society into an industrial one. Through Watt’s invention of the first practical steam engine, our modern world eventually moved from a 90% rural basis to a 90% urban basis.

39. Explain the needs that led to the spread of the steam engine in 18th and 19th century Europe.
For what purposes was the steam engine used during the Industrial Revolution?
How did the Industrial Revolution change the way many people lived and worked?

40. Urban Living Conditions
Average Age at Death for Different Classes
CITY
GENTRY
TRADESPEOPLE
LABORERS
Rutland 52 41 38
Truro 40 33 28
Derby 49 21
Manchester 20 17
Bethnal Green 45 26 16
Liverpool 35 22 15

41. Working Conditions and Wages
Common working day: 12 – 14 hours
One short break for lunch
Work week: 6 days per week
80 degree heat
Workers were beaten if they did not perform well.
Hot, polluted factory air.
Workers risked losing limbs from the machines.
Low wages.

42. Child Labor Children shifted from farm work to factory work.
12 – 14 hour days
6 day weeks
Lower wages than adults.
Began at age 5.
Mining work deformed bodies.

43. Economists of the Industrial Revolution
Adam Smith: advocated laissez- faire economics. No government regulation of business. A free market will produce more goods at lower prices, making them affordable by everyone. The basis of Capitalism.
Thomas Malthus: Population will outpace the food supply
David Ricardo: Poor having too many children, thus leading to a high labor supply and lower wages.

44. Reformers
Jeremy Bentham: utilitarianism – “greatest happiness for the greatest number.”
John Stuart Mill: advocated government help for the poor and giving the vote to workers and women.
Robert Owen: actually built a factory based on the idea that an employer could offer decent living and working conditions and still make a profit.

45. Karl Marx Scientific socialism
Economics really a struggle between the “haves” (upper class and merchants) and the “have nots” (proletariat working class.)
Advocated a workers’ revolution to replace private ownership of property with cooperative ownership.
Led to system of Communism.

46. The Industrial Revolution
Economic Effects
Social Effects
New inventions and development of factories
Rapidly growing industry in the 1800s
Increased production and higher demand for raw materials
Growth of worldwide trade
Population explosion and a large labor force
Exploitation of mineral resources
Highly developed banking and investment system
Advances in transportation, agriculture, and communication
Long hours worked by children in factories
Increase in population of cities
Poor city planning
Loss of family stability
Expansion of middle class
Harsh conditions for laborers
Workers’ progress vs. laissez-faire economic attitudes
Improved standard of living
Creation of new jobs
Encouragement of technological progress
Political Effects
Child labor laws to end abuses
Reformers urging equal distribution of wealth (i.e. Karl Marx)
Trade unions
Social reform movements, such as utilitarianism, utopianism, socialism, and Marxism
Reform bills in Parliament