1. Brief Response How did works of literature and art like Charles Dickens’ novels make people aware of social issues? In their art they pointed out poverty, child abuse, pollution, etc. Because their work was entertaining it reached a larger group of readers or viewers. Some of those readers and viewers formed associations to work for social improvement and government reforms.

2. Liberal Reform in Industrial Britain pp. 258, 262

3. Rotten borough British practice of giving many votes to districts with a few rich people And few votes to districts having many poor people. British reformers sought to end this, and did.

4. electorate The people who are eligible to vote in a district Reforms in Britain, France, and the US allowed more and more people to vote from the 19 th to 20 th centuries. –Lower-class men –Women –18 year-olds

5. Secret ballot New system were voters did not have to declare publicly whom they were voting for. Encouraged more people to vote.

6. Secret ballot People cast their vote without announcing publicly

7. Queen Victoria British monarch, 1837 to 1901 EC: Values of the Victorian Age (3) –Duty –Thrift –Honesty –Hard work –Respectability –Strict moral code –Manners Wilhelm II, Germany, grandson Czar Nicholas II, Russia, grandson Missing: George VI, Britain, Grandson Wilhelm II, Germany Czar Nicholas II, Russia George VI, Britain

8. Benjamin Disraeli Conservative (Tory) Party leader in the 1860s EC: Tory reforms included (2) Reform Bill, 1862 Vote for many working class men Gladstone asking Disraeli to do something sensational to give the papers something to write about

9. William Gladstone Liberal Party leader and Prime Minister in the 1860s, EC: Liberal reforms included (2) Vote for farm workers and most other men Secret ballot

10. Parliamentary democracy A form of government in which the executive leaders are chosen by the members of the ruling party, not by the public. They are also responsible to those members Includes the Prime Minister and other ministers.

11. Liberal Control of Parliament As Parliament’s liberal seat-holders increased, it began responding to various groups’ demands. Free trade: –International trade with no quotas, tariffs, or other regulations or restrictions. Quota: max number of something allowed Tariff: tax on imports –Businessmen wanted access to the largest markets possible. –Consumers would benefit from competition and a wider selection of goods.

12. To cancel a government law or act. The Corn Laws were repealed. –British grain farmers kept the price high by prohibiting imports to protect their profits. –Liberal reformers wanted to allow more grain imports to lower prices so lower class people could afford good. Repeal:

13. Abolition movement: Growing number of British people demanded that their government ban slavery Britain was the first to make it illegal in 1807 It ended slavery in its colonies in 1833. British Navy sent out –To destroy slave selling locations in Africa –To confiscated slave cargoes at sea. Most other countries were slow to follow, regrettably

14. Crime and Punishment— The beginning of the modern criminal justice system began at this time.justicesystem Capital offense: –A crime punished by death. –Some felt that death was a bit strict for many offenses— Shoplifting Livestock stealing Impersonating officials/veterans Executions were public, with some turning into crowded spectacles. –Criminals’ bodies would be put on display or given to medical schools. –Soon, only piracy, murder, treason, and arson were capital offenses.

15. What to do with hardened criminals? Penal colony: Nations with colonies could banish their convict there. Britain used Georgia before the Revolution –Later it used Australia and New Zealand. France used Guyana, in South America

16. Ireland’s Problems with the English. Absentee landlord: English owners of Irish lands, but not living in Ireland. –They exacted high rents on Irish tenant farmers Irish people were near or at poverty –They could evict Irish tenants for no reason and often did. They also had to pay tithes (church tax) to the Protestant Anglican Church (English) even though they were Catholic.

17. Home rule: Self government for a part of an empire. Irish demanded it. Charles Stewart Parnell’s movement demanded that Irish be allowed to run their own local affairs, and Britain would run its foreign matters. The “Irish Question” dragged on for decades in Parliament and disrupted other British legislation.

18. Other rising Industrial Powers The United States of America Started as a business nation Plentiful resources Investors and government supported new businesses and development Public education gave more people a chance to promote their ideas, even working class.

19. Other rising Industrial Powers France Plentiful resources When not having some liberal revolution, French business and government developed a strong capitalist system. Public education promoted opportunities for many French people to succeed in business.

20. Other rising Industrial Powers Germany Plentiful resources Once Prussia unites the other German kingdoms around 1870, the Prime Minister, Otto von Bismarck forced an intense modernization on the country. Public education promoted opportunities for many to succeed in business. Germany outproduces Britain by 1900.

21. Other rising Industrial Powers Imperial Japan Very limited resources Once Meiji emperor took power from the Tokugawa Shogunate, around 1870, the new government forced an intense modernization on the country. Public education promoted opportunities for many to succeed in business. Japan outproduces all Asian nations by 1890 and begins taking places in China and Korea for resources.

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23. Standards Check, p. 259 Question The electorate was expanded to include middle-class men. Seats in Parliament were redistributed to reflect the movement of population out of rotten boroughs.

24. Standards Check, p. 260 Question: Duty, thrift, honesty, hard work, and respectability Promoted reform because they were widely adopted by people at all levels of society.

25. Thinking Critically, p. 261 1 Aristocrats; because they stood to lose the most power in Parliament. 2 It gave the House of Commons more political power than the House of Lords.

26. Standards Check, p. 261 Question Suffrage was extended to almost all men The secret ballot was adopted The House of Lords lost its power to veto tax bills.

27. Standards Check, p. 263 Question: Both reforms were driven by a sense of morality and duty

28. EC: Was Social Reform Good for Communism? (4) –No, –Government economic and social reforms for the lower classes satisfied many demands and improved their standard of living. More people could take advantage of and benefit from the capitalist economy.

29. Standards Check, p. 265 Question: Laws that ….. improved public health and housing for workers provided for free elementary education for all children, protected the well-being of the poor and disadvantaged.

30. Standards Check, p. 265 Question: Large groups of people often include people who have many different views, even if they share the same goal.

31. Thinking Critically, p. 266 1 1851-1860 2 A human-made disaster Although the potato crops were ruined by nature, people starved remaining food supplies were exported for money by the English absentee landlords.

32. Standards Check, p. 267 Question: Harsh laws and the poor government response to the potato famine led many Irish people to –mistrust the British –support Irish nationalism.

33. p. 268, thinking critically 1. A. –The chance for a better life –Large amount of land and job opportunities –Religious freedom B. –With voluntary migration, people make their own decisions The “push factors” might not lead all people to leave, and different migrants might be pulled to different destinations –With involuntary migration, the push to leave comes from the government or other outside forces, which might also determine where the migrants move to.

34. Brief Response How do you think supporters of Social Darwinism would explain the difference in wealth between the rich and the poor? Do you think this explanation is accurate? Why or why not?