1. Industrial Sector End-Use Energy HEJC December 3 rd, 2015 Lauren Kuntz

4. Top Producers of Energy Intensive Industrial Goods Iron Ore China43% Australia18% Brazil13% Steel China48% Japan7% US6% Cement China63% India7% US2% Ammonia China32% India9% Russia7%

5. Emissions (13.14 GtCO 2 ) Direct - 5.27 GtCO 2 Process – 2.59 GtCO 2 Indirect – 5.25 GtCO 2 Process Emissions Breakdown

6. Direct and Process CO 2 Emissions

8. General Emission Reduction Strategies

9. Capital Stock Turnover Time Global Market Structure Limited Knowledge Sharing Energy Subsidies General Emission Reduction Challenges

10. Iron and Steel

11. Iron and Steel - Technological Options Dominant Technologies Blast Furnace/Basic Oxygen Furnace (13-14 GJ/tonne) Scrap/Electric Arc Furnace (4-6 GJ/tonne) New Technology Options Direct Iron Reduction Smelting Reduction Coke Replacement with Charcoal or Waste Plastic Carbon Capture and Sequestration

12. Iron and Steel - Material Flow

13. Cement

15. Cement – Technological Options

18. Clinker Substitute Fly-Ash Blast Furnace Slag Pozzolana Fuel Substitution Cement Alternatives Carbon Capture and Sequestration

19. Chemicals Largest energy user in industrial sector – 10% of global energy use, 7% of global CO 2 emissions Emissions dominated by: Ethylene Ammonia Nitric Acid Adipic Acid and Caprolactam (used in plastics) Fertilizer Synthetic Fibers

20. Chemicals – Technological Options Process integration and process intensification Combined heat and power Membranes Bio-based Chemicals/Plastics Carbon Capture and Storage

21. Waste Management