1. Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783

2. I. Congress Drafts George Washington Second Continental Congress (Phila. May, 1775) – Select George Washington to head the army The choice was made with considerable misgivings Only a colonel, lost more battles than won He radiated patience, courage, self-discipline

3. p133

4. II. Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings 1775 to July 1776, fighting but no independence – June 1775 the colonists seized Bunker Hill Olive Branch Petition (July 1775) – Professed American loyalty to the crown George III proclaimed colonies in rebellion (8/75) – Rebellion a ‘hanging’ offense – Hired thousands of German (Hessian) troops

5. III. The Abortive Conquest of Canada In the north Portland, Maine burned (Oct. 1775) – Reprisal- U.S. daring Canadian invasion British succeed in middle colonies – January 1776 - British set fire to Norfolk, Va. – March 1776 – Rebels forced to evacuate Boston In the South the rebels win two victories – February 1776 – rebels win in North Carolina – June 1776 stop an invading fleet at Charleston

6. p134

7. IV. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense Loyalty to the empire was deeply ingrained: Common Sense by Thomas Paine (1776) – Real power “from the consent of the governed.” – Goal-convince people their cause-independence

8. Map 8-1 p135

9. V. Paine and the Idea of “Republicanism” Paine was calling for a republic – All government gain authority from popular consent Individuals in a republic: – Sacrifice personal self-interest to the public good – The collective good of “the people” most important

10. VI. Jefferson’s “Explanation” of Independence An inspirational appeal for freedom was needed – To rally resistance at home. – To invite assistance for foreign nations Congress selected Thomas Jefferson to write The Declaration of Independence – Formally approved by Congress on July 4, 1776 – Had universal appeal- “natural rights”, had three parts Philosophical background List of Grievances Resolution / action to be taken

12. VII. Patriots and Loyalists War of Independence was a war within a war Many (most) colonists were apathetic or neutral Loyalists-aka “Tories”, supported England – Many were educated, wealthy, older, and cautious Patriots-aka rebels &“Whigs”, for independence – Revolution was a minority movement – Rebels took the task of “political education”

13. VIII. The Loyalist Exodus Before the Declaration in 1776 – Persecution of the Loyalists was relatively mild Harsher treatment began after the Declaration – Were regarded as traitors Some imprisoned, some hung – There was no wholesale reign of terror Several hundred thousand were permitted to stay ~80,000 were driven out or fled – The estates of the fugitives were confiscated and sold

14. IX. General Washington at Bay General Washington – Loss the Battle of Long Island (Sept 1776) Howe didn’t chase and crush defeated U.S. troops – Washington won at Trenton (December 26, 1776) – Victory at Princeton (Jan. 1777)

15. X. Burgoyne’s Blundering Invasion London plan to capture Hudson R. valley (1777) – Divided and conquer strategy Sever New England from the rest of the states British stopped at Saratoga on (Oct 1777) – Caused French to support America Washington moved to Philadelphia area – Defeated at Brandywine Creek and Germantown Washington retired to Valley Forge

16. p136

17. p138

18. p139

19. p140

20. p141

21. p142

22. p143

23. XI. Revolution in Diplomacy? France wanted to regain N. Am. Dominance – The loss in the Seven Years’ War rankled deeply U.S desperately needed help against the British The Model Treaty (summer 1776) w/Fremch – No political or military connections, only commercial Benjamin Franklin negotiated treaty in Paris

24. p146

25. XII. The Colonial War Becomes a Wider War France’s entry forced British to change strategy – Could no longer blockade the colonial coast – British decided to evacuate Philadelphia Spain & Holland entered in 1779 Russia, (1780) organized the Armed Neutrality – Most of Europe passive hostility toward Britain

26. Table 8-1 p147

27. XIII. Blow and Counterblow 1780: French troops, gold & goodwill help The Southern campaign – 1780 General Benedict Arnold turned traitor Georgia was ruthlessly overrun in 1778-1779 Charleston, South Carolina, fell in 1780 – General Greene reclaimed Georgia & South Carolina ‘Standing and retreating’ strategy (1781)

28. Map 8-2 p148

29. XIV. The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier The West was ablaze during the war – 1777: “the bloody year” on the frontier – 1784 Iroquois Treaty of Fort Stanwix (gave up land) George Rogers Clark Attacked Britain’s Ohio River forts (1778-1779) America’s infant navy led by John Paul Jones – Helped by swift privateers Eventually British shippers/manufacturers wanted peace

30. p149

31. Map 8-3 p149

32. XV. Yorktown and the Final Curtain Cornwallis fell back to Yorktown, VA – French & American army marched to controlled land – French navy moved to controlled the sea The British were completely cornered Cornwallis surrendered (Oct., 1781) – George III planned to continue the struggle – Sporadic fighting for more than a year

33. p150

34. XVI. Peace at Paris In GB people were tired of war, had a new gov’t France wanted land / influence for their efforts Franklin, Adams, Jay – American negotiators – John Jay negotiated secretly with Britain (1782) The Treaty of Paris of 1783 – Britain recognized the independence of the U.S. – Granted generous boundaries – Return land of & no persecution of Loyalists – Debts long owed to British creditors had to be paid However, the debt promises were not carried out

35. XVII. A New Nation Legitimized Treaty of Paris (1783) terms were favorable America gained world recognition by winning

37. p152

38. p154