1. Cows  Forests

2. Shift from sheep to cows contributed to reforestation & current VT landscape Cows fall over steep slopes are spared Cows are hard work More $$ per cow fewer cows Cows need to be fed hayfields, cornfields, pastures diversify landscape

3. These are a few of my favorite trees… Gray pines (Pinus sabiniana) Sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana)

4. Pinus lambertiana (Sugar Pine)

5. Global Land UseUS Land Use

6. Federal Lands

7. Alaska Federal Lands

8. Benefits of Forests: Ecosystem services Act as giant sponges – watershed protection –Reduce / regulate flows of runoff –Reduce sediment movement to waterways Influence regional & local climate Support food webs/nutrient cycling Provide habitat and niches for wildlife Purify the air

9. Benefits of Forests: Resource for Humans Fuelwood – cooking & heat Construction material Pulp for paper Medicines & food from plants & animals Recreation Aesthetic Spiritual Resource / refuge for the marginalized

10. Despite many benefits…

11. … we have largely deforested the US

12. Why is deforestation, especially of old growth intact forest, a worldwide problem?

13. Claims on land Trees = unclaimed land (in some cultures) Trees = in way of agriculture or development Wood Trees = stacks of cash Trees = fuel – cooking, heating, processing Non-market nature of forest benefits Trees = no value other than wood/pulp

14. Early Days of Forest Conservation Original public lands policy – disposal! “Before the nation could be convinced of the need to conserve resources, those resources had to become valuable; and for that to happen, they had to be recognized as scarce.” -- Dana & Fairfax, 1980 1864 – Man & Nature by G. P. Marsh First Arbor Day, Nebraska, 1872 New York – 1 st to establish State forest – study 1872 –“forever wild” Adirondack preserve 1894

15. Why US National Forests were Established Forest Reserve Act of 1891 –“protection forests” 1897 “Organic Act” for national forests Defined the purpose of Forest Reserves: 1.“Preserve & protect the forest” 2.“Secure favorable conditions of water flow” 3.“Furnish a continuous supply of timber” 1960 Multiple Use Sustained Yield Act –Specified / added recreation, range, timber, water, wildlife and fish

16. Timber harvest levels in US National Forests

17. Recreational Visitor Days in US Nat’l Forests

18. Sustained yield & community stability – example from Trinity Co

19. Public (USFS) vs Private Timber Harvests, Trinity County 1978-1998

20. Timber harvest vs Employment, Trinity County

21. The times they are achanging… USFS mission changing USFS land not enough! –Exhibit all of Rick’s reasons why reserve systems don’t work for biodiversity. –More people want more out of the forest lands than they can provide. –US wood demands are real! – can’t just push off onto countries with weaker environmental protections

22. Readings for today Miller, parts of Chapter 23 – In addition to sections Rick specified: pp. 586-589, 591-593, 600-604 (all of section 23-3)

23. Exam 1 – Distribution of grades 200 of 1000 points for the semester

24. Concerns about the exam? General questions: ask TAs Right answers: ask TAs – check the website Disputed grade – ask Cecilia – email or after class Friday Oct. 25 Check how numbers were added up!