1. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1 Chapter 09 Motivation and Emotion

2. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 2 Chapter Preview Theories of Motivation Hunger and Sex Beyond Hunger and Sex: Approaches to Motivation in Everyday Life Emotion Motivation and Emotion: The Pursuit of Happiness

3. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 3 Theories of Motivation Motivation Force that moves people to behave, think, and feel as they do Main theoretical approaches to motivation Evolutionary approach Drive reduction theory Optimum arousal theory

4. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 4 Evolutionary Approach Earlier used to emphasize the role of instincts in motivation Ethology Study of animal behavior Describes motivation from an evolutionary perspective Instinct Innate biological pattern of behavior assumed to be universal throughout species Set in motion by a sign stimulus Motivations for sex, aggression, achievement rooted in evolutionary past

5. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 5 Drive Reduction Theory Drive Aroused state that occurs due to physiological need Need Deprivation that energizes drive to reduce or eliminate that deprivation

6. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 6 Drive Reduction Theory As a drive becomes stronger, we are motivated to reduce it Goal of drive reduction is homeostasis Homeostasis - Body’s tendency to maintain equilibrium

7. Homeostatic Regulation

10. Drive theories are inadequate increasemany people strive to increase tension and physiological arousal Such as by running a marathon or jumping out planes…

11. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 11 Optimum Arousal Theory Yerkes-Dodson law Performance best under conditions of moderate arousal, rather than low or high arousal Low arousal One may be too lethargic to perform tasks well High arousal One may not be able to concentrate

12. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 12 Biology of Hunger Gastric signals Close association between stomach contractions and hunger Cholecystokinin - Helps start the digestion of food

13. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 13 Biology of Hunger Blood chemistry Key chemical substances play a role in hunger, eating, and satiety Glucose – blood sugar Insulin – regulates blood sugar levels Leptin – released by fat cells, decrease food intake & increase energy levels

14. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14 Biology of Hunger Brain processes Lateral hypothalamus Involved in stimulating eating Ventromedial hypothalamus Reduces hunger and restricts eating

15. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15 Cannon and Washburn’s

16. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 16 Obesity Biology of obesity Obesity a genetic component Set point Weight maintained when no effort made to gain or lose weight Psychological factors in hunger and obesity Emotional state and external stimuli Time and place associations Taste preferences based on past scarcity of reliable food sources

17. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 17 Biology of Sex Brain areas involved in sex Hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, limbic system Brain tissues that produce sexual feelings are activated by neurotransmitters and sex hormones

18. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 18 Biology of Sex Sex hormones Estrogen - Class of sex hormones that predominate in females Produced mainly by the ovaries Androgens - Class of sex hormones that predominates in males Produced by the testes in males and by the adrenal glands in both males and females

19. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 19 Human Sexual Response Pattern Excitement phase Begins process of erotic responsiveness Plateau phase Continuation and heightening of arousal begun in the excitement phase Orgasm Involves an explosive discharge of neuromuscular tension and an intensely pleasurable feeling Resolution phase Return of blood vessels to normal state Refractory period in males

20. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 20 Other Factors in Sex Cognitive Humans have the cognitive capacity to think the importance of Respecting partners Not taking sexual advantage of someone Sexual scripts Stereotyped patterns of expectancies for how people should behave sexually

21. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 21 Other Factors in Sex Sensory/perceptual Touch Usually predominates during sexual intimacy Vision Plays a powerful role for some individuals

22. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 22 Cultural Factors in Sexuality Culture has a strong influence on sexuality Societies teach youth about sex and sexuality through formal education

23. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 23 Cultural Factors in Sexuality Sex education in theory Different opinions on how to achieve goals of sex education Abstinence-only approach Emphasizes that sexual behavior outside marriage is harmful to individuals of any age Comprehensive sex education Provides students with comprehensive knowledge about sexual behavior, birth control, and the use of condoms Encourages delaying sexual activity and practicing abstinence

24. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24 Cultural Factors in Sexuality Sex education in practice Educational practices not caught up with research findings Inadequate knowledge about contraception Inconsistent use of effective contraceptive methods United States has one of the highest rates of adolescent pregnancy and childbearing in the developed world

25. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 25 Sexual Behavior Varying sexual behaviors and attitudes reflect the country’s diverse multicultural population Defining sexual behavior Confusion as to what defines sex Activities that are involved in reproduction and fertilization Arousal and sexual response that occur when the behavior is performed

26. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26 Sexual Orientation Direction of an individual’s erotic interests Heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual May ignore potential flexibility of human sexual attraction and behavior Depends on a combination of factors Genetic Hormonal Cognitive Environmental

27. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 27 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Sequence of needs to satisfy Strongest needs at base, weakest at top Lower needs reflect deficiencies Idea that human motives are hierarchically arranged is appealing Maslow’s ordering of the needs is debatable

28. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 28 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

30. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 30 Self-Determination Theory Asserts three basic, innate organismic needs Competence Met when we feel we are able to bring about desired outcomes Involves self-efficacy – belief you can accomplish a goal Involves mastery – can gain skills & overcome obstacles Relatedness Need to engage in warm relation with others Autonomy Sense that we are in control of own life

31. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 31 Self-Determination Theory Cross-cultural evidence suggests Needs emphasized by self-determination theory are likely to be valued in both Western and Eastern cultures

32. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32 Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation Intrinsic motivation Based on internal factors Has more positive outcomes Extrinsic motivation External incentives such as rewards and punishments May diminish intrinsic motivation Successful individuals may be both intrinsically and extrinsically motivated

33. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33 Self-Regulation - The Successful Pursuit of Goals Process by which an organism effortfully controls behavior in order to pursue important objectives Getting feedback a key aspect Process of putting personal goals into action involves Setting goals Planning implementation Monitoring progress

34. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34 Emotion Feeling, or affect, that can involve: Physiological arousal Conscious experience Behavioral expression

35. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 35 Biological Factors: Arousal Autonomic nervous system Takes messages to and from body’s internal organs Sympathetic nervous system Involved in body’s arousal Parasympathetic nervous system Calms body Measuring arousal Skin conductance level Polygraph or lie detector

36. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 36 Autonomic Nervous System

37. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 37 Physiological Theories of Emotion James-Lange theory Emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment Your car skidded on slick pavement. As it fishtailed, you hit your breaks and regained control. You noticed that your heart was racing and that you were shaking. You identified and felt the emotion of fear after your body’s response.

38. EXAM! BUTTERFLIES IN YOUR STOMACH FRIGHT! James – Lange Theory

39. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 39 Physiological Theories of Emotion Cannon-Bard theory Proposes that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously Your car skids across the highway, and you simultaneously get scared and begin to have an accelerated heart rate and sweat. One doesn’t cause the other…they occur at the same time.

40. EXAM! BUTTERFLIES IN YOUR STOMACH FRIGHT! Cannon-Bard Theory

41. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 41 Neural Circuits & Neurotransmitters Amygdala Almond-shaped structure in the limbic system Plays central role in fear Linked with emotional memories Participates in both negative and positive emotions

42. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 42 Neural Circuits & Neurotransmitters Role of neurotransmitters in neural pathways of emotion Endorphins and dopamine Positive emotions such as happiness Norepinephrine functions in regulating arousal

43. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 43 Cognitive Factors in Emotion Two-factor theory of emotion Also known as Schacter’s Two-Factor Theory Physiological arousal Cognitive labeling To experience emotion, you must be physically aroused and must be able to cognitively label the arousal Your car skids across the highway, and your heart rate increases and you begin to sweat. You go through a mental checklist of the characteristics of being afraid, recognize your physical symptoms, and then feel fear.

44. Review You see a car coming straight at you! What emotions will you experience? Your physical response will occur before you experience the feeling of fear Your physical response will occur at the same time as you feel fear. James-Lange Theory: Cannon-Bard Theory:

45. your physical response will occur first, and then when you label the emotion correctly, then you will experience the emotion of fear Schachter two-factor:

46. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 46 Behavioral Factors in Emotion Behavioral component can be verbal or nonverbal Facial feedback hypothesis Facial expressions can influence emotion as well as reflect them Facial muscles send signals to brain to help recognize emotion being experienced I am happy.

47. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 47 Sociocultural Factors in Emotion Culture and the expression of emotion Facial expressions of human beings are innate Same in all cultures around the world Have evolved from the emotions of animals

48. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 48 Sociocultural Factors in Emotion Display rules Sociocultural standards determining when, where, how emotions should be expressed Gender influences Men and women more alike in ways of experiencing emotion than stereotype suggests Difference in emotional intelligence

49. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 49 Classifying Emotions Valence - Refers to whether emotion feels pleasant or unpleasant Two broad dimensions of emotional experience Negative affect - Negative emotions, such as anger, guilt, sadness Positive affect - Positive emotions, such as joy, happiness, interest Arousal level - Degree to which emotion is reflected in being active, engaged, or excited

50. Two-Dimensional Model Arousal Low High Pleasantness (valence) NegativePositive Depressed Ecstatic! Happy!

51. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 51 Circumplex Model of Mood

52. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 52 Adaptive Functions of Emotions Negative emotions carry direct and immediate adaptive benefits for survival Positive emotions do not signal a problem Broaden-and-build model Function of positive emotions lies in their effects on our attention and our ability to build resources

53. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 53 Adaptive Functions of Emotions Resilience Associated with capacity to thrive during difficult times Ability to bounce back from negative experiences

54. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 54 The Pursuit of Happiness Biological factors Heritability estimates for happiness range from 50% to 80% Heritability estimates can vary across groups and over time Highly heritable characteristics can be influenced by experience

55. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 55 The Pursuit of Happiness Obstacles Hedonic treadmill Aspect of life that enhances one’s positive feelings is likely to do so for only a short time Pursuing happiness for its own sake is rarely a good way to get happy or happier

56. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 56 The Pursuit of Happiness Happiness activities & goal striving Begin with intentional activities Engage in altruistic behavior Keep a gratitude journal Commit to the pursuit of personally meaningful goals May lead to a happier life Keep the positive possible and interesting