1. 11.1 Heredity Genetics -the study of how traits are inherited

2. A. Heredity 1.Passing of traits from parent to offspring 2.Genes on chromosomes control the traits that show up in an organism 3.Different forms of traits are called alleles (alleles = letters) 4.Each sex cell contains 1 allele for each trait

3. B. Genetics 1.Gregor Mendel: “Father of Genetics” -1 st to use mathematics of probability to explain genetics and trace traits through generations (used Pea Plants for his experiments)

4. C. Terms 1.Probability- helps you predict the chance that something will happen 2.Hybrid- organism that receives different genetic information from each parent 3.Genotype- the genetic make-up 4.Phenotype- the way an organism looks or behaves as a result of the genotype (like a photo)

5. D. Punnett Squares 1.Helps to predict traits of offspring 2.Dominant alleles: uppercase (T) -covers up the other trait 3.Recesive alleles: lowercase (t) -trait seems to disappear 4. Homozygous- two alleles that are the same (TT or tt) 5. Heterozygous- two different alleles (Tt)

6. E. Example Tt T t

7. 11.2 Genetics Since Mendel

8. A. Incomplete Dominance 1.Neither allele is dominant 2.The phenotype is in between the two homozygous parents Ex: red plant + white plant = pink

9. B. Multiple Alleles 1.More than two alleles that control a trait 2.Produce more than three phenotypes

10. C. Polygenic Inheritance 1.A group of gene pairs act together to produce a trait, which creates more variety Ex: hair color, eye color, skin color 2. Environmental factors also play a role such as sunlight.

11. D. Mutations 1.Genes that are altered or copied incorrectly 2.Harmful, helpful, or have no effect 3.Chromosomal disorders - more or fewer chromosomes than normal -Down’s Syndrome (extra 21 st chromosome) ** Causes: -mutagens, heredity, errors in DNA

12. E. Recessive Genetic Disorders 1.Both parents have the recessive allele (heterozygous) 2. Both parents show no symptoms 3.Child receives both recessive alleles and displays the symptoms 4.These children rarely live to reproductive age 5.Ex: Cystic Fibrosis

13. F. Gender Determination XX Girl XY Boy

14. G. Sex-linked disorders -found on the X-chromosome -more common in males since they only have 1 X -less common in females b/c they would have to inherit the gene on both XX’s -examples: Calico Cats Color-blindness Baldness

15. H. Pedigrees -used like family trees -horizontal line = marriage -vertical line = kids -square = boy -circle = girl -follow family traits -predict traits of offspring

16. 11.3 Genetic Engineering -changing the arrangement of DNA that makes up a gene

17. 1.Recombinant DNA -insertion of a useful segment of DNA into a bacteria (insulin) 2.Gene Therapy -a normal allele is placed into a virus, which delivers it when it infects its target cell (cystic fibrosis)

18. 3.Genetically Engineered Plants -created by inserting the genes that produce desired traits in one plant into a different plant