1. METHODOLOGY CHAPTER 2

2. SOURCES OF HYPOTHESES Previous Research Theory Personal Observations

3. OBSERVATIONAL METHODS Ethnography (participant observation) Archival analysis (content of documents)

4. CORRELATIONAL METHODS Prediction Strength of relationship Direction of relationship No Causality

5. SURVEYS Asking questions Ask the right questions Ask the right people

6. EXPERIMENTS DO SHOW CAUSE. Manipulation and control Independent variable (suspected cause) Dependent variable (suspected effect) Changes in manipulation of independent variable produce changes in the measure of the dependent variable All else is controlled

7. INTERNAL VALIDITY How well the experiment was done How many alternate explanations are left

8. EXTERNAL VALIDITY Extent to which the experimental results can be generalized to real life situations, other people, other situations Psychological Realism – the extent to which psychological processes triggered in the experiment are similar to those experienced in everyday life (Did they believe it?)

9. FIELD RESEARCH Doing the research in a natural type of setting outside the laboratory Increases external validity May lessen internal validity

10. APPLIED VS. BASIC RESEARCH Basic research is conducted in response to intellectual curiosity Applied research is conducted to solve a real- world problem

11. OTHER RESEARCH TERMS Replication Meta-analysis P-value

12. NEW RESEARCH FRONTIERS Cross-cultural research Evolutionary approach Social neuroscience

13. ETHICAL ISSUES Voluntary participation Informed consent Anonymity; confidentiality Deception Institutional review board debriefing