1. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Chapter 1 Introduction to Psychology

2. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-2 MODULE 1 - Psychologists at Work What is the science of psychology? What are the major specialties in the field of psychology? Where do psychologists work?

3. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-3 Introduction Psychology: Scientific study of behavior and mental processes

4. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-4 Subfields of Psychology Behavioral Genetics Behavioral Neuroscience Clinical Psychology Clinical Neuropsycholo gy Cognitive Psychology Counseling Psychology Cross-cultural Psychology

5. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-5 Subfields of Psychology Developmental Psychology Educational Psychology Environmental Psychology Evolutionary Psychology Experimental Psychology Forensic Psychology Health Psychology

6. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-6 Subfields of Psychology Industrial Psychology Personality Psychology Program Evaluation Psychology of Women School Psychology Social Psychology Sport Psychology

7. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-7 How do People Sense, Perceive, Learn, and Think About the World? Experimental psychology Studies the processes of sensing, perceiving, learning, and thinking about the world Subspecialty Cognitive psychology - Focuses on higher mental processes

8. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-8 What are the Sources of Change and Stability in Behavior Across the Life Span? Studies how people grow and change from the moment of conception through death Developmental Psychology Focuses on the consistency in people’s behavior over time and the traits that differentiate one person from another Personality Psychology

9. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-9 How do Psychological Factors Affect Physical and Mental Health? Counseling psychology Focuses primarily on educational, social, and career-adjustment problems

10. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-10 How do Our Social Networks Affect Behavior? Social psychology Study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others Cross-cultural psychology Investigates the similarities and differences in psychological functioning in and across various cultures and ethnic groups

11. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-11 Expanding Psychology’s Frontiers Evolutionary psychology Considers how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors Behavioral genetics Seeks to understand: How we might inherit certain behavioral traits How the environment influences whether we actually display such traits

12. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-12 Expanding Psychology’s Frontiers Clinical neuropsychology Unites the areas of neuroscience and clinical psychology Focuses on the origin of psychological disorders in biological factors

13. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-13 Figure 3 - The Breakdown of where U.S. Psychologists Work

14. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-14 Psychologists: A Portrait In the earlier years, women were actively discouraged from becoming psychologists With the passage of time, women have started outnumbering men in the field The underrepresentation of racial and ethnic minorities among psychologists is due to: Lack of diverse perspectives and talents Preference of receiving therapy from their own ethnic group

15. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-15 The Education and Careers for a Psychologist Education Careers PhD Doctor of philosophy PsyD Doctor of psychology MA or MS Master’s degree BA or BS Bachelor’s degree Administrator Serving as a counselor Providing direct care

16. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-16 MODULE 2 - A Science Evolves: The Past, the Present, and the Future What are the origins of psychology? What are the major approaches in contemporary psychology? What are psychology’s key issues and controversies? What is the future of psychology likely to hold?

17. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-17 The Roots of Psychology Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt Focuses on uncovering the fundamental mental components of consciousness, thinking, and other kinds of mental states and activities Introspection: Procedure used to study the structure of the mind in which subjects are asked to describe in detail what they are experiencing when they are exposed to a stimulus

18. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-18 The Roots of Psychology Criticisms of structuralism Introspection not a scientific technique People had difficulty describing some kinds of inner experiences These drawbacks led to the development of newer approaches

19. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-19 The Roots of Psychology Functionalism William James Concentrated on how behavior functions and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments

20. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-20 The Roots of Psychology Gestalt psychology Hermann Ebbinghaus and Max Wertheimer Focuses on the organization of perception and thinking in a “whole” sense rather than on the individual elements of perception

21. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-21 Women in Psychology: Founding Mothers Margaret Floy Washburn First woman to receive a doctorate in psychology Leta Stetter Hollingworth One of the first psychologists to focus on child development and on women’s issues

22. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-22 Women in Psychology: Founding Mothers Mary Calkins Studied memory First female president of the American Psychological Association Karen Horney Focused on the social and cultural factors behind personality

23. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-23 Women in Psychology: Founding Mothers June Etta Downey First woman to head a psychology department at a state university Anna Freud Notable contributions to the treatment of abnormal behavior

24. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-24 Women in Psychology: Founding Mothers Mamie Phipps Clark Pioneered work on how children of color grew to recognize racial differences

25. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-25 Figure 2 - Major Perspectives of Psychology

26. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-26 The Neuroscience Perspective: Blood, Sweat, and Fears Neuroscience perspective: Views behavior from the perspective of the brain, the nervous system, and other biological functions

27. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-27 The Psychodynamic Perspective: Understanding the Inner Person Psychodynamic perspective Sigmund Freud Behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which the individual has little control

28. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-28 The Behavioral Perspective: Observing the Outer Person Behavioral perspective John B. Watson B. F. Skinner Suggests that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of study

29. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-29 The Cognitive Perspective: Identifying the Roots of Understanding Cognitive perspective: Focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world Information processing

30. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-30 The Humanistic Perspective: The Unique Qualities of the Human Species Humanistic perspective Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow Suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior

31. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-31 Figure 1 - Key Issues in Psychology IssueNeuroscienc e Cognitiv e Nature vs. nurtureNature (heredity) Both Conscious vs. unconsciousUnconsciousBoth Observable behavior vs. internal mental processes Internal emphasis Internal emphasis Free will vs. determinismDeterminismFree will Individual differences vs. universal principles Universal emphasis Individual emphasis

32. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-32 Figure 1 - Key Issues in Psychology IssueBehavioralHumanisti c Psychodyna mic Nature vs. nurtureNurture (environmen t) Nurture (environmen t) Nature (heredity) Conscious vs. unconsciousConscious Unconscious Observable behavior vs. internal mental processes Observable emphasis Internal emphasis Internal emphasis Free will vs. determinismDeterminismFree willDeterminism Individual differences vs. universal principles BothIndividual emphasis Universal emphasis

33. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-33 Psychology’s Future Psychology will become increasingly specialized and new perspectives will evolve Neuroscientific approaches will likely influence other branches of psychology Influence on issues of public interest will grow Issues of diversity will become more important to psychologists providing services and doing research

34. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-34 MODULE 3 - Research in Psychology What is the scientific method? What role do theories and hypotheses play in psychological research? What research methods do psychologists use? How do psychologists establish cause-and-effect relationships in research studies?

35. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-35 Scientific Method Approach through which psychologists systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest

36. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-36 Figure 1 - The Scientific Method

37. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-37 Theories Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest Diffusion of responsibility - Greater the number of bystanders in an emergency situation, the smaller the share of the responsibility each person feels

38. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-38 Hypotheses: Crafting Testable Predictions Hypothesis: A prediction, stemming from a theory, stated in a way that allows it to be tested Operational definition: Translation of a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures

39. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-39 Hypotheses: Crafting Testable Predictions Psychologists rely on formal theories and hypotheses for many reasons: Permits them to place bits of observations within a coherent framework Help psychologists to make deductions about unexplained phenomena Develop ideas for future investigation

40. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-40 Research Systematic inquiry aimed at the discovery of new knowledge Key to understanding the accuracy of hypotheses and theories Descriptive research Systematic investigation of a person, group, or pattern of behavior

41. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-41 Archival Research Existing data is used to investigate a hypothesis: Census documents College records Newspaper clippings Problem with using existing data: Data may not be in a form that allows the researcher to test a hypothesis fully

42. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-42 Naturalistic Observation Investigator simply observes some naturally occurring behavior Does not make a change in the situation Advantage - Sample of what people do in their natural habitat Disadvantage - Inability to control any of the factors of interest

43. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-43 Survey Research People are asked a series of questions about their behavior, thoughts, or attitudes Pitfalls Results will be inconsequential if the sample is not representative Survey respondents may not want to admit to holding socially undesirable attitudes

44. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-44 The Case Study In-depth, intensive investigation of a single individual or a small group Psychological testing Drawback - Unique individuals make it impossible for generalizations

45. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-45 Correlational Research Research in which the relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine: Whether they are associated, or “correlated” Correlation coefficient Positive - As the value of one variable increases, so will the value of the other variable Negative - As the value of one variable increases, value of the other variable will decrease Drawback - Inability to demonstrate cause-and- effect relationships

46. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-46 Figure 2 - Aggression and TV Watching

47. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-47 Experimental Research Experiment: Investigation of the relationship between two (or more) variables by: Producing a change in one variable in a situation and observing the effects on the second variable Experimental manipulation: Change that an experimenter deliberately produces in a situation

48. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-48 Experimental Research Experimental groups and control groups Treatment Manipulation implemented by the experimenter Experimental group Any group participating in an experiment that receives a treatment Control group Group participating in an experiment that receives no treatment

49. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-49 Experimental Research Independent variable: The variable that is manipulated by an experimenter Dependent variable: The variable that is measured Expected to change as a result of changes in the independent variable

50. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-50 Experimental Research Random assignment to condition: Participants are assigned to different experimental groups or “conditions” on the basis of chance

51. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-51 Experimental Research Significant outcome: Meaningful results Make it possible for researchers to feel confident that they have confirmed their hypotheses Replicated research: Research that is repeated

52. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-52 MODULE 4 - Critical Research Issues What major issues confront psychologists conducting research?

53. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-53 The Ethics of Research Informed consent: A document signed by participants: Affirms that they have been told about the basic outlines of the study

54. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-54 Should Animals Be Used in Research? Procedures that subject animals to distress are permitted: When an alternative procedure is unavailable When the research is justified by its prospective value Provides greater experimental control over nonhumans Procedures that might not be possible with people can be carried out

55. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-55 Threats to Experimental Validity: Avoiding Experimental Bias Experimental bias: Factors that distort the way the independent variable affects the dependent variable Experimenter expectations Participant expectations

56. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1-56 Threats to Experimental Validity: Avoiding Experimental Bias Placebo: A false treatment without any significant chemical properties Double-blind procedure - Keeping experimenter and participant “blind” to the nature of the drug administered